m Ml mm. ffiffiffl ill iff 11 fwKum IBl iK '''■'!! i HHil flllfmfwi If / ton. Keep in mind that these trucks have been made for years by the makers of good and trusted farm machines. International Harvester company of America Billings, Mont. Cheyen Los Angeles, Cal. San Francis le, Wyo. Denver. Colo. Helena. I Portland, Ore. Salt Lake City, Utah :o, Cal. Spokane, Wash. VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT RAMI Page 11 ew york AN1CAI GARDEN - SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS so I KIXOJ I Sulphur It has been proven and eo recommended by the University of California that If you sulphur your grape vines and orchards 6 times they will not be affected by MILDEW or^RED SPIDERS. ANCHOR Brand VeT- vet Flowers of Sulphur, also EAGLE Brand, Fleur de Soufre, packed In double sacks, are the fluffiest and PUREST sulphurs that money can buy; the best for vineyards; the best for bleaching purposes, LEAVING NO ASH. VENTILATED Sublimed Sulphur — Impal- pable Powder, 100% pure, in double sacks, for Dry Dusting and making Paste Sulphur. For LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION, use our DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. We can furnish you this sulphur at such a low price that it would pay you to mix your own solution. To create additional available plant food, and prevent smut In grain, drill Into the soil 110 pounds per acre DIAMOND "S" BRAND POWDERED SULPHUR, 100% pure. This has increased various crops up to 500%. Send for Circulars No. 6 and 7. Also PREPARED DRY DUSTING MATE- RIALS, Tobacco Dust, Dusting Sulphur Mix- tures, etc., Fungicides and Insecticides, car- ried In stock and mixed to order. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR COMPANY 624 California Street, San Francisco, Cal. We are equipped to make Immediate shipment,. Send for "ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET"; also booklet "NEW USES FOR SULPHUR." Price-list and Samples. Ask us for prices for Carbon Bisulphide, the surest rem- edy for destroying around squirrels. Gasoline Quality *ull power in every drop "Red Crown" is all-refinery gasoline. It is made to meet the requirements of your engine. Look for the ''Red Crown" sign before you fill. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ^ the Point Chemically Treated "Caro" Protects "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit Why? Fruit decomposition starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits the juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrests the decom- position—and thus PROLONGS THE LIFE OF FRUIT. If your fruit is worth shipping it is worth keeping in best condition. Demand "CARO"— Wrap Your Fruit in "CARO"— The Fruit Buyer Knows "CARO" Order from Any Fruit Company or American Sales Agencies Co., 112 Market St., San Francisco FIBR FRUIT WRAPPER VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 SLOWLY REVOLVING ROLLERS WRAPPEO WITH SASH CORD The Cutler Fruit Grader For Box, Basket or Barrel Packing THE CUTLER FRUIT GRADER, after seven years of manufacture and use in the hands of leading fruit growers and associa- tions, stands preeminantly The Most Suc- cessful and Practical Fruit Grader on the market today. With the improvements we have made our 1920 models are the most efficient and satisfactory machines we have ever manufactured and will meet the de- mands of all growers who want to handle their crops at the least expenditure of time and money. i New Features We have perfected two extra attach- ments to our graders which we are putting out this season, viz: (1) Off-Grade Return Belts which afford a means for bringing back to the sorters the off -grade fruit found in the bins. This makes an immediate check on the sorters and will result in a better grade of fruit being packed. (2) Separation of Cull Fruit into Canning and Cider Stock. This attachment takes the place of the regular cull belt on all our tables and automatically separate the cull fruit into canning and and cider stock without any labor cost. With a Cutler Grader you can handle your crop quicker at the least cost of sorting, packing and handling and you do not have to depend on skilled packers. A" Cutler Grader will soon pay for itself in the saving made in the handling of the crop. Eventually You Will Buy a Cutler Grader Why Not Mow? Don't put off ordering your packing house equipment. The situation this year in the obtaining of material for manufacturing is such as to make the placing of early orders absolutely necessary. Fill out the coupon below and mail to us today. You may regret not doing so. Box Presses See the the Cutler Press before buying. We have the best press on the market today. We carry a stock of the CALIFORNIA GRIP TRUCKS Write today for Catalog and Prices Cutler Manufacturing Co. 353 EAST TENTH STREET PORTLAND, OREGON Upp'r View of a portion of the Four-Section Model for box packing, showing the Mechani- cal Sorting Table. No hand feeding necessary. The fruit is fed automatically. This table slowly revolves the fruit as it is moved forward before the sorters. Our belt type of sorting table can be furnished if desired. „. Cutler Manufacturing Co. 353 E. Tenth St., Portland, Oregon. Please send descriptive circulars and prices of the equipment as indicated below. Cheek the equipment you are interested in. ..Grader. ..Box Press. Gravity Carrier. ..Grip Trucks. Crop expected In 1920 boxes. Name Address VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT EDITOR: W. H. WALTON STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist. WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melandcr. Entomologist ; O. M. Morris. Horticulturist. Pullman. COLORADO — 0. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College. Fort Collins. ARIZONA— E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist. Tucson. WISCONSIN— Dr. E. D. Ball, Madison. MONTANA— H. Thornber, Victor. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist. Berke- ley: W. H. Volck. Entomologist. Wfltsonville : Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson. Pathologist. Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $2.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $3.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postofflce at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XV Portland, Oregon, July, 1920 Number 1 Keeping Production Records by Growers of Small Fruit By Wm. E. Schimpf, Secretary Oregon Cranberry Growers' Association THE keeping of accurate produc- tion records has always been a se- rious problem to the fruit grower. During the exciting period of the har- vest the best system is liable to be ne- glected and thereupon immediately ceases to be a system and becomes an aggravation. Accurate production rec- ords are desired by every fruit grower, and the problem has been to secure a system which would be accurate and yet so simple as to be practically auto- matic. During the harvest season everything seems to be very much of a mad race. Where up to this time on a cranberry bog one or two people have been em- ployed on a twenty-five acre bog, now a hundred or more are needed. Pickers of all ages, races and creeds assemble to gather the festive little berry. With this army of people we have the same old problems. The fruit grower has a strenuous though not altogether unin- teresting time during this exciting pe- riod. Now in order to know what he is doing, he should know what he is pro- ducing. It is just as important to the cranberry grower to keep accurate pro- duction records as it is to the dairyman. Fruit growing is a business just as much as selling hats. No one would think of engaging in any mercantile business such as selling hats without opening up a set of books. Fruit grow- ers are willing to do this, and have been anxious to have some simple meth- od devised which would really be of assistance to them in the keeping of such accurate records. One advantage the fruit grower has over his fellow business man, and that is he is selling but one commodity. The average fruit grower is well above the average person in intelligence and it is not from ignorance of their value that precise production records are kept, nor is it from unwillingness. When the end of the harvest day comes the grower feels that he has earned a well deserved rest, and though he knows that he should tabulate the re- sults of his day's work, he is usually so tired physically that the very thought of bookkeeping appalls him. A system that in itself would be so simple as to keep its own record, was the problem which demanded solution. One of the members of the Oregon Cranberry Growers' Association has de- vised just such a system. It has been in use by him for three years, and last season was adopted by every member of the association. The dominant fea- ture of the system is the use of conse- cutively numbered tickets similar to those used in the movies. At the be- ginning of the picking day it is only necessary to make a memorandum of the opening number for the day, and to record the closing number at night. This in itself gives a correct record of the number of boxes picked during the day, and shows what the picking cost should be. The difference between the number on the ticket at the end of the ribbon in the morning and number on the ticket at the end of the ribbon in the evening, must agree with the number of boxes taken from the pick- ers. Slight discrepancies will occur, and these discrepancies are at once called to the attention of the checker, who gives out the tickets. There can be no dispute, and there is none. An explanation should be had. It will hap- pen that a ticket too many will be given out by the checker, but this fact is im- mediately recognized by the grower. Checkers really like the system, for they know that their work is automat- ically audited. Not only is this system a perfect check upon the person giving out the tickets, but it can be used as a check upon the picker as well. One bright young lady who was giving out tickets for a Clatsop cranberry grower, would always ask to see all of the tick- ets of the picker whenever the question arose as to whether a ticket had been given for the last box or not. An ex- amination of the tickets usually showed one ticket with a number just preceding the one on the ticket roll, and the picker was satisfied. Pickers' tickets can be obtained from the moving picture supply houses, they are printed in various colors, and can be had with the name of the grower, the denomination and of course the se- rial number. Stores in the immediate locality are glad to cash these tickets, as they bring business to their places of business. Later the grower takes them from the storekeeper in lots, is- suing his check for this purpose. If such an arrangement can be made it is of decided value to the grower, as it will mean that he must keep but little cash on hand. Sometimes it is advisable to furnish «ome store with a working capital of a sufiicient amount so that the store- keeper will not have to use too much of his own funds. From time to time as the tickets come in to the store they can be taken up by the grower in good sized lots. This system has the ad- vantage of keeping the picking money distinct and separate from the grower's own cash. Every grower realizes the difficulty in keeping his own money dis- tinct from the picking money during the rush of the harvesting season. The grower usually gets all of his wife's spare change, as well as his children's savings into his harvest fund before he realizes it. With a system of serially numbered tickets, the difference between the first number of the season and the number left on the ribbon at the end of the season, indicates the exact number of boxes picked during the season. This al once shows him his harvesting cost, that is, it shows him exactly how much money he is to pay out for fruit picked. Tickets used by the cranberry growers are like the cut below. Oregon Cranberry Growing Co. Oregon Cranberry Growing Co. Pickers' Ticket. Pickers' Ticket. \ /!\ / In connection with these tickets a daily report sheet is used by the cran- berry growers of Clatsop County. This report has a space for recording the first ticket given out in the morning. and the last in the evening, a cluck in the way of the actual count of the num- ber of boxes taken into the warehouse. Distribution of the costs of picking, trucking, checking and other harvesting costs can be made on this daily sheet if it is so desired. Practically this same sheet is used for the season's report. To make out a re- port for the entire season will take but little longer than to make out the daily report. The tickets given out by the checker to the pickers have k> i on numbering themselves throi the entire season, and il is but a matter Page 4 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 of simple subtraction to determine the whole number of boxes harvested for the season. In fact a season's report can be made out and has been made out in fifteen minutes. The report is really in two parts, one part on which the statistical records are kept, as has just been described above, while the other part of the re- port sheet is a diagramatic representa- tion of the bog itself, on which the particular section being picked that day is shaded, and such other remarks made which will be of interest to the grower in the years to come. The purpose being to give the proper production credit to those particular sections of the marsh which so deserve the credit. This being very much in the same man- ner as the dairyman tries to give every cow her proper credit. The advantage of this can be readily seen. To illustrate, during the past season one Clatsop cranberry grower, who had kept accurate production rec- ords of his marsh for the preceding year, was able to estimate his entire crop to a surprising degree of accuracy after picking a single acre. The varia- tion between his estimate and the crop actually picked being about one per cent. The use of this system is strongly recommended to every grower of small fruit, where the picker is paid by the piece. The system is not theoretical, but is intensely practical. Its results are final and absolute. The numbering on the tickets is as accurate as an add- ing machine's computations. It is sim- plicity itself and will be found not only interesting but fascinating as well. Below is a daily report as taken from one of the picking days during the cranberry harvesting season: The use of the numbered tickets will well repay the grower as against the old method of using the same tickets over and over again. The tickets should be used but once and destroyed. Their cost is but slight, and their use so very satisfactory, that once the grower uses them, he will never go back to any other system. Should the grower use only the tickets and not the daily re- port sheets, he will have at least ac- curately kept the number of units of his fruit, whether boxes, measures or carriers, for the entire season, and this information is worth the price of the tickets many times over. Specially printed tickets can be had in rolls of 2000 tickets each. The larger the lot ordered the better the price. A grower should estimate his needs for some years to come and order enough to cover his needs for several years. In this way his ticket cost will be but little each year. Five dollars would supply tickets enough for a very large crop. Five dollars would not be too much to pay for a bookkeeper that would keep exact count of the total number of tick- ets given out throughout the entire sea- son. The movie people have been awake to the value of this ticket and have used it for several years, and the mere fact that these successful busi- ness men use them universally, should be sufficient recommendation as to their value. We have no doubt but that the fruit grower will be using them just as universally within a short time. Controlling the Cherry Fruit Fly Cherry growers who have been the victims of the destructive work of the cherry fruit fly, an insect that hereto- fore has baffled the efforts of experts to combat it will be interested in know- ing that A. B. Black, assistant entomol- ogist at the Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station after a study of this pest extending over a considerable pe- riod is able to give methods for its control. The remedy announced by Mr. Black to check the cherry fruit fly is to spray with a solution of one pound of basic arsenate of lead to 16 gallons of water, to which should be added four pounds of brown sugar or one gallon of some sweet syrup. This solution should be applied to the trees from a nozzle giv- ing a coarse mist, each tree receiving a quantity of spray equivalent to about a pint. The first application should be made about June 10 and two following applications put on at an interval of five to seven days. If rains occur a new application should be made as soon as the trees dry off. The cherry fruit fly lays its eggs on the fruit, injecting them just under the skin. These eggs hatch into small mag- gots which burrow into the fruit where they feed for a period of 15 to 20 days rendering it unfit for use. On leaving the fruits the maggots drop to the ground where they burrow in and re- main until the following spring, emerg- ing usually about the latter part of May as adult flies. Fond of moisture, the fly is said by Mr. Black to appear on the fruit early in the morning, where it may be seen drinking dew from the leaves. After the dew has dried off is the time recommended to apply the spraying solution alluded to above. / / / / / 16 / / / / / MARSH OF CLATSOP CRANBERRY COMPANY Allendale, Oregon Wednesday, October 8, 1919. Weather: A.M. Fair. P.M. Fair. Begin 8:30. Ended 5 :45. V ////// DAILY REPORT No. 15. Previous day's final ticket number 20810 Today's final ticket number 21114 Difference 301 Number measures picked 304 Equivalent in crates Number of crates raked Total for day Previous day's season's total Today's season's total Number pickers 304 Measures at 25c $76.00 Total picking cost $ Picking cost per measure 25 Picking cost per crate 1.00 2 Rakers at $5.00 per day 10.00 Total raking cost Raking cost per crate H2 ' - 1 Truckman at ?5.00 per day 5.00 1 Checker at $2.50 per day 2.50 Total trucking and checking cost Trucking and checking cost per crate. .08 Total harvesting cost Harvesting cost per crate 1.02 Remarks: Anderson sisters made $9.75 today, one ; ing 19, other 20 measures. 873 965 July. IQ20 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 Yakima Valley, Washington, Apple Packing Houses WITH the ever increasing cost of of packing and the serious car shortages we may expect, it is very evident that we must pay more attention to our packing and ware- housing facilities in our fruit growing districts in order to do all possible to cut down the expense of handling and to protect the fruit until it is shipped. As one looks over the various types of warehouses and the methods of con- struction he is impressed with the lack of a standard. In many houses we find details of poor construction and ar- rangement while in others we may learn of points of interest and benefit. Frequently in attempting to keep down the cost of building the owners have sacrificed economy in handling. Some growers, under special conditions may- be able to get along with a tent or shed but as a rule experience has shown that cheap construction does not pay. In the Yakima Valley, Washington, we have two main kinds of warehouses and packing houses, those on the farm and those at the shipping points used by the growers' organizations and deal- ers. In this county we have cold stor- age for about one-fourth of the apple crop and some kind of common storage for about one-half of the crop. Among the many examples of packing and stor- age houses we may select a few as typical of the better class of more re- cent construction. The first illustration shows a popular type combining a warehouse and barn. This building was erected about three years ago by Mr. C. M. Carlos on his forty-acre orchard near Selah and would now cost about $7,000. The apple storage part is 40x60 feet with a capacity of 11,000 boxes and is of hol- low tile construction with a concrete floor and air ducts leading to the cupa- los. The air intake is through troughs in the floor which have water in the bottom and a grating on top. By proper management of these vents a fairly good temperature has been maintained in the storage room. There are, how- ever, only four of these intakes when twice as many would be much more de- sirable in order to increase the air circulation. The hay loft overhead holds forty tons and the lean-to on one side is used at one end for a barn and at the other for a packing house through which 200 boxes a day may be handled. It would be better if this room were larger and had a skylight in the roof. The storage room has the advantage of being separate from the packing room and has double doors and windows. This type of building is fairly popu- lar but with the increased use of tract- ors, the many reports of poisoned or- chard hay and the agitation to work more of the alfalfa into the soil, we may expect its popularity to be transferred to a warehouse without the barn fea- ture. The second illustration covers a very good packing and storage house built By C. L. Robinson by Mr. A. F. Conlon on his fifty-acre orchard also near Selah. It is perhaps more expensive than most growers would build for though originally built for $4300 it would now cost about $7000. It is also of hollow tile con- struction and has the advantage of be- ing built on a side hill where the sec- ond story is readily accessible. Its ca- pacity for storage is about 20,000 boxes but the upper story is usually used for sorting and packing. The basement has an earth floor with provisions for wet- ting it and with a grate flooring two feet above. Twelve adjustable air in- takes and good ducts leading to the sky- light provide for circulation. An inter- esting feature is a telescope air shaft through the second story which may be put out of the way during the day when the floor is used for sorting and pack- ing. The building is to be equipped with an elevator and now uses an end- less belt grader and a Cowan Lift for trucking fifty boxes of fruit at one time. The third illustration is of the ex- tremely simple type. It is of very cheap construction, in fact too much so to be desirable, but would be practic- ally frost proof, if the roof, doors and windows were doubled. A very even temperature was maintained a year ago for early cooling and storage by good management in opening the large double doors at the near end and a smaller one at the opposite end at night and closing them in the morning. Too little attention was paid to proper light and convenience for sorting and pack- ing. The fourth illustration shows a house of the community type operated by the Horticultural Union which will handle 3,000 to 4,000 boxes per day. The packed fruit is received at the doors on the left and the unpacked fruit at the con- veyor lift at the right center. These arrangements make for little delay to the man bringing the fruit. The sort- ing and packing room is on the second floor where skylight? are available and the roller conveyor system carries the fruit to all parts of the house. Here 1200 boxes are packed per day without the aid of a mechanical grader, and the building will care for 55 cars of apples in common storage. Some of the medium sized houses use a cheap frame section for their packing room and an insulated storage room of better construction. Too many houses use a pent-house for overhead light when a skylight would be cheaper, give better light and keep the room warmer during cold weather. Some houses are A Combination Apple Storage House and Barn. Page 6 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 so built that a partition separates the unpacked fruit from the sorting table in such a way that the fruit may be dumped on the end of the machine in the storage room and then carried through the partition to the packing room which may be heated for the com- fort of the. sorters and packers. One warehouse here is now equipped with portable electric operated belt convey- ors which have proven quite success- ful in taking the fruit into the building and distributing it. The sections are about 20 feet long and may be moved about at will. Most of the larger or- ganizations and dealers now have cold storage and in these plants the packing room is frequently found on the upper floor with skylight and wall light to assist the sorters and packers. The best arranged houses have a room into which the fresh fruit may be received and kept cool until time to pack. The fruit is then moved by means of con- veyors to the sorters and from the sort- ers direct to the packers bins. Con- veyors then carry it past the nailer to the storage room without interruption. Some of the farm packing houses fol- low out this principle to good advant- age but far too many of them make no adequate provision for caring for the fruit in storage either before or after packing and no attention is paid to routing the fruit through the packing room in an orderly manner. Many growers might take better advantage of their present equipment in regard to both storage and systematic and econ- omic handling. It is a well known fact that the earlier and softer fruits espe- cially keep much better if cooled down as soon as possible after picking but many growers do not take advantage of what means they have for getting it out of the sun and cooling it off. As yet there seems to be no more of a standard in packing house equipment than in construction. Many people have tried out various kinds of mechan- ical graders and sizers and almost as frequently have discarded them. Some of the main troubles with some of these machines has been the inability to get enough fruit over them in a day, the over-crowding of a few bins with cer- tain sizes and the large percentage of mechanically injured fruit resulting from their operation. Some of the best packs in the valley are put up from modifications of the old style canvas bottomed tables. Perhaps the most popular method of sorting is the use of an endless belt table. These tables consist of a wide canvas belt or a series of narrow ones running the length of a long table. The table is usually divided into several lanes down which the fruit moves. The central one usually carries the unsorted apples and as they pass the sorters they are placed in the various lanes or bins at the side according to grade. The culls are dropped in pockets from which the return belt carries them to a dump at the end. An Extremely Simple Type. With any system so far devised the sorters and packers are prone to get the bins too full and then by mauling the fruit around cause needless stem puncturing and bruising. As a parting word to those who con- template building soon it would un- doubtedly be worth their while to get in touch with the U. S. Bureau of Mar- kets, Division of Storage Investigations at Spokane, Washington, or Washing- ton, D. C, as these offices have on hand valuable information in regard to the best types and specifications for fruit warehouses. Storage House of the Yakima Horticultural Union. Dried, Evaporated or Dehydrated By Arthur W. Christie. Instructor in Fruit Products. University of California The removal of moisture by drying in the sun has been used as a method of preservation for fruits and vege- tables since biblical times. We are now witnessing the phenomenal growth of a new industry which bids fair to dis- turb and possibly to overshadow the earlier methods. This industry pro- poses to dry our fruits and vegetables by artificial means and not to depend on "old Sol," who sometimes forsakes his disciples. A large number of "dry- ing" machines of varying construction have already appeared on the market, and frequent additions to the family are reported. A variety of terms has been used in naming these machines as well as their products. The most com- mon terms are "dryer," "evaporator," and "dehydrator." Since there are no well defined distinctions between these various terms, the use of a number of different terms meaning essentially the same thing is confusing. This confusion was most noticeable at the recent convention on evapora- tion of fruits held in San Jose, Febru- ary 7, 1920, under the auspices of the Agricultural Extension Division of the University of California. Several of the speakers used the terms "dried," "evaporated," and "dehydrated" indis- criminately, it being often impossible to ascertain the speaker's real meaning. In order to clarify the terminology used in fruit drying a committee on nomen- clature was appointed by the chairman of the convention, Professor W. T. Clarke. The committee included in its membership a representative of the Ag- ricultural Experiment Station, the United States Department of Agricul- ture, and several men closely in touch with the commercial aspects of the sit- uation. The membership of the com- mittee was as follows: Chairman, A. W. Christie, instructor in fruit products, University of California; P. F. Nichols, division of dehydration, bureau of chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, Atascadero; E. M. Shee- han, dried fruit broker, San Francisco; S. C. Simons, manager of dried vege- table department of E. Clemens Horst Company of San Francisco; H. C. Row- ley, editor of "California Fruit News," San Francisco. After thoroughly investigating the no- menclature of dried fruits and vege- tables as well as the various devices for their production, this committee July, 1920 BETTER FRU IT Page 7 made the following recommendations: 1. The same drying nomenclature shall be applied to fruits and vege- tables. 2. The term "dried" is applied to all fruits and vegetables preserved by re- moval of moisture, irrespective of the method of removal. 3. There are but two general classes of dried fruits or vegetables, namely, those dried principally by solar heat and those dried principally by artificial heat. 4. The class dried principally by solar heat shall be designated "sun- dried," by which is meant the removal of moisture by solar heat without con- trol of temperature, humidity or air flow. 5. The class dried principally by art- ificial heat shall be designated either "evaporated" or "dehydrated." The committee finds at this time no suffici- ent reasons for distinguishing between "evaporated" and "dehydrated." These two terms are synonymous and may be used interchangeably. The above recommendations were first submitted to the College of Agri- culture of the University of California. Dr. H. J. Webber, director of the Agri- cultural Experiment Station, makes the following statement: "The nomenclature proposed by the committee has also been adopted by a committee of the college of agriculture of the University of California for use in the publications on dried fruits and vegetables." The nomenclature committee recom- mends that the above definitions be adopted by all concerned. The commit- tee feels that this would largely elimin- ate the existing confusion. Brown Rot of Apricots and Its Prevention By W. L. Howard, in Charge Deciduous Fruit Station, Mountain View, California DURING the past five or six years the brown rot disease of apricots has been rapidly on the increase in California, especially in the San Fran- cisco Bay region and the coastal val- leys. While brown rot is comparatively new to California, it is one of the old- est diseases of stone fruits in the east- ern and southern states and in Europe. Strangely enough, the brown rot is a midsummer disease in the eastern states, and never attacks anything but the fruit. In California it does its chief damage by attacking the flower clusters and then quickly killing the fruiting spurs. The disease may attack the fruit of apricots and even prunes when full grown or nearly ripe. Our chief protection against damage to the ripe fruit is the dry atmospheric condi- tions which prevail in June and early July. Peaches, in the interior valleys particularly, are safe because the air is much too dry during July and August for the fungus to make any progress. Weather conditions seem to have a good deal to do with the occurrence of brown rot, as it attacks the flower clusters in early spring. The colder and wetter the weather at blooming time, the greater the danger of brown rot occurrence. As a rule, the disease oc- curs most abundantly in low places where there is most likelihood of frost injury. The disease appears in early spring, just after the trees are out of bloom, first attacking the blossoms, then spreading into the fruit spurs. The flower clusters are quickly destroyed, and the spurs and sometimes even the older wood are killed in a very short lime. Although the rot spreads down- ward, it rarely kills wood that is more than two years old. The fungus may be carried into five or six-year old wood through the medium of a short spur, but here it has to stop, as it is unable to go any further. The disease is char- acterized by excessive gumming of af- fected twigs, particularly at the point where it has been checked in its spread. In January, 1920, the University of California established at Mountain View in the Santa Clara Valley a De- ciduous Fruit Experiment Station. One of the first problems taken up was a study of control measures for the brown rot disease. Seventeen or eigh- teen different spray treatments were tried. At the same time several com- mercial orchards that had been sprayed one, two, or three times were kept under close observation. As a result of these experiments and observations, it is now believed that a single spray- ing of lime sulphur at winter strength, that is, one gallon of lime sulphur to nine gallons of water, if given just as the trees are coming into bloom, will control the disease. Dry lime sulphur twelve pounds in fifty gallons of water also gave good results, and bordeaux mixture 4-5-50 was also effective. The main thing is to spray before the flowers begin to fall. The ideal stage at which to spray would be after the latest buds are beginning to show pink and as the forward buds are be- ginning to open. Spraying with any materials as the trees were going out of bloom did little or no good. Spraying with lime sulphur 1-30 as the leaf buds were beginning to open caused serious injury to the foliage. Spraying with a crude oil emulsion when buds were much swollen caused no injury to the buds, probably due to the fact that the weather was cloudy. We are not yet ready to advise using oil sprays so late in the season; they are very promising, however, and will be given further trial. A miscible oil spray, applied when buds were much swollen, gave no protection whatever against the disease. The same is true of lime whitewash and of dry sulphur dusted on the trees. Spraying when buds were swelling but none showing pink gave consider- able protection, but was less satisfac- tory than where buds were showing pink pr even opening. The experimental trees were sprayed at different times and with different ma- terials from February 17 to March 10, but up to the present writing (June 22) no injurious effects are noticeable on either fruit or foliage. The same is true of two large commercial orchards nearby which are under close observa- tion. One of these orchards has been sprayed three years in succession with lime sulphur against the brown rot. This season it received three applica- tions, two before the bloom and one after. The owner of this orchard feels that spraying with lime sulphur after the trees are out of bloom not only does no good whatever, but is likely to cause the fruit to be smaller than it should be. It is impracticable to try to cut out the diseased twigs for six or eight weeks after blooming time or until after the disease has stopped advanc- ing and new sprouts back of the diseased area have come out. Cutting before the dormant buds begin to break may be worse than useless, as it is dif- ficult to tell whether all the diseased parts have been removed or whether one is cutting unnecessarily far back on the twigs. There is very little dan- ger of the disease spreading from the dead or dying twigs to the fruit. All these twigs, however, should be re- moved, at the latest, when the winter pruning is done. Many prefer to take them out just after the fruit is har- vested. This is very well, as the dis- eased parts are much more easily rec- ognized then than in winter. The best protection against the rot in the fruit is to thin the apricots so that they do not touch, even when ripe. Where fruits stand alone, moisture from dew or fogs at night will dry up so quickly that the spores of the dis- ease are unable to germinate. The apricot crop in the Santa Clara Valley this year was reduced perhaps 25 per cent by the brown rot. In the foothills there are some orchards with only a trace of the disease, while in the valleys and in the mountains the loss ranged from 10 per cent to 100 per cent. The brown rot probably spreads chiefly from the spores which ripen on the decayed fruits. It is customary in harvesting for the pickers to leave the fruiis showing a little rot on the trees. These dry up and hang on all winter. In the spring these mummied fruits are covered literally with tens of thousands of spores which blow away and, if they find congenial conditions on flowers or fruit, quickly germinate and grow. All mummies should be picked off and burned. At the same time, all diseased twigs should be cut out and the prun- ings raked up and burned. Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you -with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco Kills prairie doga, KToandhotrs, around Buuirrels, pocket Roph- olfalfa. Experiment- al stations upprovc. 1OO0 tablet* " " $1.50. Warranted Ask drufffrist or Bend direct. Page 8 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 - n :■ 5 5 <: :: ', ;' jr 31- ti i; '.; v nv >jv ;; r iwnv nil 3 5 32 31' '■' 3 C 3? 35 3.5 3535 3 MM&&3&3MMMMMM* MMMMMMMSMMZM 3M5355ME3J Z f< z f: f; 1 Z z z The Very Latest Improvement in Fruit Graders Are the Two, Three and the "New Four" Grade IDEAL FRUIT GRADERS They are built for the largest growers and packing houses who require a large output each day. The sizing is by diameter or cheek measurement, the most perfect way fruit should be sized. We build the Ideal Fruit Grader in six sizes to suit any grower's need, and it will do perfect work on Apples, Pears, Peaches, Oranges or any other fruit having similar shafic. We have designed our machine so there is absolutely no bruising of the fruit in any manner. The machine is very sim- ple in construction, with nothing to get out of order or out of adjustment. Does not make the least noise, as there are no metal parts coming in contact with each other to cause a lot of wear and trouble. The grading is done by elastic bands revolving crosswise of the belt that carries the fruit along the machine until it arrives at the proper bin where it comes in contact with this elastic which rolls it off gently into its proper bin without injury. This season's crop is such that we have had to double our stock to handle our orders, as we are replacing other machines of other makes that have cost much more than what we are asking for ours. Our prices are very moderate, as we have no agents or brokers to pay a large profit for selling, so by selling direct to the user we can sell very close. It will pay you big to write us to get more information and prices before you buy. for our machine will prove very satis- factory, as it has to many others for the past few years. We have one of the most complete shops with the best of machinery to build every part over a pattern to get them exact. Write us for prices stating your needs; then we will gladly quote you prices on any size machine you need. We also carry in stock the Bryant Clamp Warehouse Truck that will save you the price many times over each season in labor. WATCH THIS SPACE NEXT MONTH FOR OUR NEW CUT— Write us and order early. Ideal Fruit and Nursery Co. HOOD RIVER, OREGON NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1919 CATALOG FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco APPLE BOXES Highest Quality Western Yellow Pine If you wish to make sure of a supply of well made boxes at fair prices, let us place your orders. Carloadt Only SPOKANE FRUIT GROWERS CO. Spokane, Washington H^-HARDIE ORCHARD AND PACKING HOUSE SUPPLIES-^r HIGH GRADE EQUIPMENT DOES REDUCE YOUR HARVESTING COST Your efforts in producing the highest grade fruits demand the use of the best equipment obtainable. Secure Safety Service by using the HARDIE Quality line. Call on your local dealer or write for catalog. Its mailed free. Portland Picking Bag. THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 55 No. Front Street, Portland, Oregon 222 No. Los Angeles Street, Los Angeles, California EN WRITING July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 9 Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruitgrowing Sydney Stott, of Melbourne, Australia, who owns an apple orchard of 150 acres in his home country was a visitor at the office of Better Fruit recently. The reason for Mr. Stott's visit to the United States was for the purpose of determining if there was a market here for Australian apples. As the Australian crop of apples is harvested in March and April or about the time that the previous year's crop is pretty well distributed he and other Australian apple growers figured that they could probably dispose of some of their sur- plus fruit in the states. After a trip extend- ing across the continent and back, however, the Australian stated that he was convinced that there was little if any market here for apples from Australia. One of the reasons for attempting to market Australian apples here this year was the fact that the English government was unable to provide sufficient ships to transport the fruit from his country to European markets. Mr. Stoot's visit to the United States this year was not his Brst as he has made several trips to this country and on a former visit took back with him an expert packer who introduced in Australia the Amer- ican method of packing apples in boxes. While the fruit growing industry in Australia is be- coming a very important factor in the coun- try's resources, Mr. Stott said that there were a number of problems confronting growers there that must be solved to place in on a more stable basis. Joseph H. Steinhardt, one of the best known fruit men in New York City and head of the firm of Steinhardt & Kelly, recently moved his business into a new 8200,000 home. This new departure, or perhaps we might better say this new establishment was the occasion of Mr. Steinhardt receiving many complimentary let- ters from men in the trade and also articles in the trade papers. The following taken from the Fruit Trade Journal is characteristic of what the fruit trade in New York City had to say about Mr. Steinhardt personally and about his success: "Mr. Steinhardt's success- ful career has been punctuated by long hours and hard work. After selling fruits from a peddler's wagon, this man of vision slept that the dawn might find him busy at his task. Nor were his thoughts only of markets and sales. He saws the stars and reflected that less fortunate men than he had a heart and soul as well as a brain and body and that man had far from completed his work in this world if he left the world not better than he found it. No worthy charity ever appealed to him in vain. His mind and his soul are cast on a generous mould and his heart goes out to all men in need, to one case as well as another, to the remotest corners of the earth as well as at home. His firm has made a place for itself in the apple industry of the Northwest which will ever be remembered with gratitude and affection by growers. Mr. Steinhardt brings to his new home a splendid staff of employes, the hope of service rather than personal success, and the good wishes of the trade which gives all the surer ground for prediction of the highest achievement." While we do not look on the southern states as a very large factor in the production of apples it will be interesting for the average apple grower to know that last year they produced 24,898.000 bushels of apples with a market value running up into the millions. Georgia, the state farthest south engaged in the commercial production of apples produced a crop valued at $1,518,000. Early reports of apple crop prospects out- side of the Northwest are that New York and New England looks for normal crops; Mary- land for a better crop than last year, while Virginia expects about 60 per cent of the 1919 crop. Due to the freeze in the early spring Missouri reports about 45 per cent of a full yield while southern Kansas and some of the other middle western states report conditions as about the same as in Missouri. Picketed ponies and wigwams seen at Hood River, at strawberry season in former years in every watered copse of the berry districts, have vanished. Indians who come down from Yaki- ma and Warm Springs for strawberry har- vest ride in the most modern conveniences. Their automobiles are characterized by their newness and expensiveness. While squaws and papooses contine to wear the gayest col- ored shawls obtainable and carry beaded bags that arouse coveted glances from white sisters and the bucks stroll about with their long hair done in plaits, the old wigwam has been discarded for the latest motor camp equip- ment. Baby Indians do not seem so much in evidence as in former years, but those brought along are rarerly seen in any modern go-carts. The redskin mother may ride in an eight- cylinder car, but she clings to the old board and basket baby carrier. Indians, so those who are here now declare, have prospered mightily the last few years. Most of them own land allotments that have been used for wheat growing. The redskins make no protest when they pay 18 cents per ioaf for bread. Comparatively few participate in the berry harvest now. Several years ago Indians, coming here as many as 500 to 1,000 in a season, were the chief berry harvesters. It is likely that not more than 50 are here this season. Some Indians are here merely as tour- ists. A grower the other day approached a buck and started to dicker for the services of himself and family. He was informed in the best of English that the party whose services he desired was merely on a vacation. "That's our car," said the Indian man with hauteur, pointing to a handsome eight cylin- dered Cadillac. — Hood River Glacier. What They Are Doing in California The 1920 cantaloupe acreage in the Im- perial Valley is reported to be 22,000 acres as against 14,000 acres in 1919. At the rate of production last year it will require 10,000 cars to move the 1920 crop at the rate of 300 cars per day. The largest and most modern lemon pack- ing plant and processing plant in California has just been completed at Maxwell, Colusa County. It will handle the greater part of the lemon product of the Sacramento Valley. A new fruit cannery being built at Santa Rosa when it is completed will be the most modern fruit handling plant in California and will give employment to about a thou- sand persons. The new plant will cost 1250,000. BOOK ON DOG DISEASES And How to Feed Mailed free to any address by the Author H. CLAY GLOVER CO., Inc., 118 West 31st Street, New York — m 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — Kodak Films Developed Free Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco No Orchard or Farm is Complete Without Our Latest Model COMMERCIAL SIZE All Purpose Evaporator -r>- m&Wt I Write for Folder teiiS HOME EVAPORATOR CO. S3WST. LOUIS, MISSOURI zr - P O. Box 817; Central Station UNQUESTIONABLY greatly facilitate the work of packing oul the crop which has heretofore been largelj handled by belt graders. July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page is CONFIDENCE is the Product of Satisfactory Usage The man who knows good belts has a friendly feeling for his "Test Special." Experience has made him confident of its ability to complete the job without loss of power or irri- tating delays through breaking. "Test Special" is a guaranteed belt of service. It is especially adapted for hard, outdoor usage. See your Dealer. Any Dealer anywhere can buy "Test Special." WRITE TODAY, giving the R.P.M. and dia- meter of the driving pulley — also driven pulley and distance between centers of same ; also give the rated horsepower of your motor or engine, and name kind of machinery you are operating. We will reply immediately giving you our recommendation as to kind of belt to use. Write today. NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO. 519 Mission Street, San Francisco HOME OFFICE: NEW YORK FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 951 First Street, Portland, Oregc FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 550 First Avenue So., Seattle, Washington Page 14 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 sykes System of Fruit Packing 2 BUSHELS GRAPEFRUIT EXPORT PACKAGE 140 NEWTOWNS 2 BUSHELS APPLE5 EXPORT PACKAGE - / I40 I NEWTOWNS 189 NEWTOWNS 120 SPITZEN- BERGS I20 EWTOWNS SAPS ORANGES IN PEACH BOX Ample Protection Proper Ventilation Thorough Refrigeration Effective Display Easier to Pack and Less Costly A BETTER WAY We will soon give you some remarkably favorable results of cold storage tests showing great improvement in SYKES pack, compared to wrapped pack in the matter of scald. AMERICAN PAPER CO. Seattle, Washington BLAKE-McFALL CO. Portland, Oregon SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO. Spokane, Washington PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY San Francisco, California !EN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There OREGON Owing to the shortage of tumher and box materials, H. F. Davidson, who owns a large fruit ranch at Hood River and also a farm near Lebanon, Oregon, will construct a saw- mill near the latter place with a capacity of 20,000 feet daily to work up a tract of flr trees on his Lebanon property. The first full carload of strawberries to be shipped out of the Hood River Valley this year brought .$4.00 per crate. This is said to be a record price for a carload shipment. The berries were shipped by the Hood River Apple Growers' Association. Strawberry pickers in the Hood River Valley are reported to have earned as high as $7.50 per day this year. Canning berries from this district brought high prices and in addition to the fruit that was taken by the local cannery a considerable quantity of berries were shipped to canneries in Portland by motor truck. The cherry crop at Hood River is reported to be light with prices ruling high. Most of the Royal Annes and other light colored cherries were taken by the canners while the black varieties were shipped out fresh. The Phez Company at Salem, which has cre- ated a big demand for its various berry and other fruit products through a wide campaign of advertising has increased its capital stock from $1, 000,000 to $1,500,000. Expansion of the company's business is given as the reason for the need for larger capitalization. The company recently sold 15,000 cases of jellies and jams to one firm. The shipment went to South Carolina. Up to the present time the Phez company which has made a specialty of manufacturing loganberry juice has not de- termined how much juice it will put up this year, owing to the high price of the berries and the light crop. The demand for the juice had been so great up to the middle of June that the company's stock of this beverage was reported to have been exhausted. The announcement is made that Dufur will have a box factory. It was expected to have the factory in operation the latter part of June. The box factory will be operated in connection with two saw mills which will be erected at that place by the Phillips Lumber Company. According to the program outlined by the Kings Products Company, its output of dried fruits and vegetables for the 1920 season will total $2,000,000. Officers of the company re- port an advance sale of this amount of its products for the coming season. The Suncrest orchard at Medford, consisting of 461 acres, and planted to good commercial varieties of apples and pears, has been sold to Jones Brothers, canners and packers. The orchard was formerly the property of Dr. C. F. Page, but at the time of its sale was owned by the Mutual Life Insurance Company. It is said that the new owners who operate packing plants at Boston, Massachusetts, and at various points in the Northwest will erect a plant at Medford. The price paid for the orchard was $275,000. A good deal of hesitancy is reported to be shown by Oregon prune packing corporations in announcing an opening price for prunes. This condition is said to be due to a number of conditions including the labor situation, which is causing prune handlers to be careful in sizing up the market for prunes and in announcing prices that they feel will handle all the crop to an advantage. Growers be- lieve that the situation warrants a high price while buyers are anxious to get more informa- tion about local and foreign markets before fixing the first quotations. Polk County cherry growers who pooled their product, amounting to about 200 tons, are announced to have sold their cherry ton- nage to an outside buyer. Although the grow- ers state that the prices received were satis- factory they have refused to announce them to the public. At the time of selling their crop growers fixed the picking prices for cherries which was placed at two cents a pound, with a bonus of a quarter of a cent per pound to pickers who remained until the crop was har- vested. Cherry picking in this section com- menced about the latter part of June. The average price for loganberries and cher- ries at the end of the contract season in Marion County is stated to have been about 12 cents, although it has been difficult to obtain figures giving the exact amount. In referring to the loganberry price situation the Salem States- man says: "Several pools have recently been sold at good prices according to reports. The Bruce Cunningham holding of about 200 tons has been disposed of at 13 cents. Other par- cels of 75 and 100 tons have been disposed of, according to reliable reports, for the price of 13% cents. Mr. Cunningham stated recently that the formation of the Marion berry pool was instrumental in raising the present price of berries. This is favorable to the small grower. He further asserts that he had per- sonally offered 14 cents for his crop of berries but that he ignored the offer because it did not consider the interest of the small growers who are members of the pool. However, Mr. Cunningham claims that the members of the pool were forced to accept a price less than the 14 cents because of the sugar situation which he claims was utilized by buyers in breaking the lower figure. Regardless of this fall in price, some local buyers claim that the prices of 12 and 13 cents are the highest aver- age scales ever attained in Oregon." Page is In organizing its marketing force for the coming season the Oregon Growers' Cooper- ative Association has secured the services of three men well known in the fruit industry of the Northwest. To manage the Medford and Grants Pass branches of the association, one of the most important, C. C. Lemmon, for- merly of Hood River and later of Yakima, has been chosen. Mr. Lemmon has had a wide ex- perience with various fruit shipping arganiza- tions in Oregon and Washington and comes to the association from the Perham Fruit Com- pany at Yakima. The local affairs of the association in the Dallas-Monmouth district Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco Oregon Packing Company CANNERS OF Fruits and Vetables FACTORIES:-SALEM, OREGON VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON LE WISTON, IDAHO Main Office:— Portland, Oregon E. 6th and Alder Streets Receiving Station:— E. 3rd and Main Streets Te,epho„es:-{^omM = t t E Si9 Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy Page i 6 will be under the direction of Charles E. Ramp of Salem. Mr. Ramp is a native of the Wil- lamette Valley. At one time he was amployed by the Salem Fruit Union and for two years was connected with the Mason-Ehrman Com- pany. J. H. Frazier, a Portland man, has ac- cepted the position of traffic manager and assistant sales manager. Mr. Frazier occu- pied the position of traffic manager with the Pacific Fruit and Produce Company and pre- vious to that was connected with the traffic departments of several of the large railroads. WASHINGTON A recent survey of the apple orchards in the Yakima Valley indicates that the output of apples in that district this year will be very materially reduced. Estimates now are to the effect that the shipment from there will be 2,000 carloads less than in 1919. The falling off in the output is said to be due principally to the freezing of the trees during the severe cold weather last winter. M. L. Dean, chief of the Washington Division of Horticulture, announces that the summer meeting of Washington State Horticultural So- ciety will be held at Wenatchee, July 14, 15 and 16. A feature of the meeting will be visits to the orchards in the vicinity of Wenatchee and Cashmere to examine the results of ex- periments which have been made with com- mercial fertilizers. Codling moth control work will be demonstrated and other orchard prob- lems studied. R. S. Hasbrouck, a rancher near Aberdeen, Washington, who already has 39 acres under cultivation to berries will increase his plant- ing to 70 acres, making one of the largest in- dividual berry farms in the state of Washing- ton. Mr. Hasbrouck who believes in diversi- fying in small fruits, is setting out black- berries, strawberries, loganberries and rasp- berries. According to a report from the Puyallup district pickers this year received 65 cents a crate for picking raspberries for shipment and 75 cents a crate for canning berries. As an incentive to get pickers to remain throughout the season a bonus of 10 cents per crate was also paid. These prices for picking berries were 10 cents a crate higher than those paid last year at the opening of the season, al- though higher prices were paid before the berry harvest was over to save the fruit. The prices for crates was 27 to 29 cents. Prune buyers who have been attempting to buy fruit in Clarke County for 15 cents are reported to have had but little success, few growers agreeing to sign up. Refore the end of the buying season in Clarke County last year prunes sold on the tree for as high' as 20 cents per pound. Growers believe that the opening prices offered this year indicate that higher prices will be paid than last year. Chelan County, one of the best known and largest fruit raising districts in Washington, is said to lead the Northwest in the number of motor vehicles owned in proportion to the population. Figures taken from the county auditor's office show that with a population of 20,000 people, that Chelan county has 5,000 motor vehicles. This is said to be a greater number per capita than California, which state heretofore has been given the credit for having more motor ears than any section of the Pa- cific Northwest. The strawberry season at Kennewick, Wash- ington, which has closed, resulted in the mar- keting of 18,000 crates of berries by the grow- ers' union in that district. The berry season at Kennewick was highly successful. The berry season started out with berries selling at ?6 per crate and high prices were maintained throughout the season. The crop, which was almost entirely handled by the union was ship- ped out in better condition than in any pre- vious season, owing to the installation of a refrigerating plant this year in which the berries were pre-cooled before being placed in the cars. Frost damage in the Spokane Valley is esti- mated to have been remarkably low this year. Managers of fruit associations and growers in that district who have been checking up on the matter place the damage at about 10 per cent for all orchards. Most of the orchards affected were situated in low spots. Smudg- ing in the Deer Park and some of the other sections where the temperature dropped as low- as 22 degrees resulted in the saving of a num- ber of crops. The establishing of a wholesale fruit, vege- table and imported edibles concern at a cost of approximately ?2."),000 will be undertaken BETTER FRUIT by Renny Caputo & Co., a Spokane fruit firm, according to Joe Luca, one of the members of the firm. "We are going to start a big whole- sale business in fruit, vegetables and imported stuffs from South America," said Mr. Luca. "We will start remodeling the building on our new site July 15 and will open for business by August 1 or sooner." Part of the capital for the new venture is being placed by Albert Caputo, a relative of Renny Caputo, and now living in Italy. The apple crop of the Spokane district will be 20 per cent greater than last year's crop, according to C. J. Webb, assistant manager of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company. "I would say that the Spokane district apple crop will be between 1500 and 1700 cars this year," said Mr. Webb. "The greater production «is due to a general increase of crops in every section. The district contributing to this esti- mate includes Four Lakes, Davenport, Creston, the Arcadia Orchards, Stevens County apple growing sections, such as Meyers Falls, and Kettle Falls, the Coeur d'Alenes, Moran, Wav- erly and Fairfield." H. A. Glen, general agent of the Northern Pacific, has issued his annual estimate of the 1920 fruit crop from the Yakima Valley. Mr. Glen's estimates in the past have been prac- tically correct. He figures that Yakima will be the chief shipping center, with Selah sec- ond, Ruena third, and Grandview fourth. He anticipates a material reduction in peaches. The carload estimate, with 1920 given first and the 1919 record second is: Peaches, 177,- 2200; pears, 1231, 2000; apples. 12,930, 11,400; melons, 425, 400; mixed, 585, 430; cherries, 200, 75; strawberries, 30, 30. District Inspector P. S. Darlington has com- pleted his first tentative estimate of the fruit crop of the Wenatchee district for 1920. He estimates the total crop at 11,850 carloads as compared with 12,150 carloads last year The crop last year exceeded all estimates by a large margin, and with favorable conditions prevailing it may be the same this year. Every section of the district will show- an increase except Wenatchee and vicinity. Here, Mr. Darlington estimates a crop of only 2500 cars as compared with 3835 cars last year. The marked shortage in Jonathans and Rome Beau- ties accounts for this heavy decline. Cashmere, Dryden, Peshastin, Manson, Che- lan, Omak, and Okanogan are said to promise a decided increase over last year's fruit yield. Cashmere is credited with a probable output of 2,000 cars, against 1392 last year. Omak should ship 1,000 cars instead of 663 last year. Okan- ogan is estimated at 450 cars against 330 last year. Malott should ship 200 cars against 125 last year. District Horticultural Inspector E. G. Wood states that the apple yield in Walla Walla dis- trict will be approximately 40 per cent of normal. Some parts of the district will have nearly a normal crop while others are hard hit. A number of Yakima apple growers, who have large quantities of apples to pack out have organized the Rede Lumber Company for the purpose of manufacturing boxes and will establish their plant in Portland, Oregon. The plant, which will be located in the Kenton district, will have a capacity of 12,000 boxes per day. Work has been started on its con- struction and active operation in turning out boxes will be commenced shortly. The latest recognition accorded to one of the Northwest's most famous fruit trade- marks is in a half page advertisement in the Saturday Evening Post by the Leo Feist Com- pany of New York, announcing the publication of a new Indian novelty song hit entitled "Skookum." The Feist Publishing Company is one of the largest New York song producers, and they announce thai they expect at least a million circulation on the "Skookum" song. In addition to sheet music the music has been adapted to talking machine records and player piano rolls. The title page of the song shows in large size the well known smiling Skookum character and the words "By Permission of Skookum Apples." To protest against proposed increases in ex- press rates as applied to shipments of fruil from the Northwest, the North Pacific Fruit League was represented at the hearing before Examiner Barclay of the Interstate Commerce Commission in Spokane. The special commit- tee i mm tin- league included Paul H. Wey- raucb of Walla Walla, C. W. McCuIlagh of Hood River and C. J. Webb of Spokane, In- creases suggested range from 25 per cent to 1IIII per cent. July, IQ20 IDAHO According to the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Idaho Agricultural Department, the fruit acreage in that state is now estimated at 65,000 acres. Of the total acreage 45,000 acres are in apples, 15,000 acres in prunes and 5,000 acres in peaches, cherries and pears. It is estimated that about 20 per cent of the entire acreage is in full bearing, 60 per cent in light bearing and 20 per cent not in bearing. Ap- proximately 45,000 acres of the total acreage planted is located in Southern Idoha and 30,000 acres in Northern Idaho. The total fruit pro- duction in the state in 1919 is placed at 4,956 cars. Of this output 4,000 cars were apples, 500 cars were prunes, 350 cars peaches, 100 cars cherries and 6 cars pears. The estimated commercial fruit production in Idaho for 1920 is placed at 6,656 cars as follows: Apples, 4,769 cars; prunes, 1,818 cars; cherries, 64 cars; peaches, no commercial shipment; pears, 5 cars. Shipments of Snake River Valley cherries below Lewiston were commenced this year the latter part of June, the season being three weeks later than last year. Buyers were slow in the early part of the season in quoting prices, but it is believed that on account of the scarcity of this fruit generally that grow- ers will receive high prices for their crops. The price received at Lewiston last year was 12 to 13 cents while the canneries" paid S cents. It is reported that the canneries have offered 12 cents for Royal Annes. The cherry crop in the Lew iston-Clarkston district will be lighter than usual. The peach and apricot crop in the Lewiston section is reported to be a total loss, many trees having been killed by the extreme cold weather during the past winter. Other fruits, however, give promise of fair crops. Cherry growers in the Lewiston district have adopted an arrangement of pooling their crops, providing for a minimum sale price of 12 cents for Bings and Lamberts. A similar arrangement was carried out by the growers last year and worked out successfully. The Clarkston growers also organized along the same lines. Shippers have been somewhat con- cerned over a possible shortage of boxes, al- though a local factory attained ant output of 5,000 boxes a day. One packing firm received a shipment of 275 barrels, in which Royal Anne cherries were shipped, being placed in water charged with a preserving gas. Cement Coated Wire Nails If your deaJer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco Excelsior Roof Paint Direct to You Not what you buy at the average paint store. 35 years' experience witli preserv- ative roof paint has taught me to give you a superior paint at less cost. Black, red, brown, green and yellow colors. Used for wood, tin, iron, slate, etc. NO TAR. It forms a thick rubber like water-proof coating over the surface to which it is applied and will withstand the hot sun, rain and snow. Applied with a brush. Write today for samples and pi H.J.ARNOLD Route 2, Box 10 Renton, Washington Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards Apple, ivar, Cherrj . Pea« ti, Plum, Prune, Apricot. Qulm-e. Hr. . Shrubbery, Plants. Raspben berries. Logans, Dewberries Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flower!) Vines, Hedge. Nut and Shade Trees, Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. WHEN* WRITING ADVERTISERS MtNTION BETTr.R FRUIT My, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Pa & u Parts of the Mathews Conveyer system in the Joseph Campbell Company plant at Camden, N. J, Seventy c ises a minute "is theca ng job assigned to he Mathe\ vs Conveyer system in he Campbell plant. Ov er it flow s a steady s tream of -an ■laden shipping cartons. "A mile of trackage. " and t of it operated bv Gravity ! This Mathe vs system cc nsists of 2654 fee t of straight, curved and spiral grav ity roller onveyer; 1984 feet ofb elt-on- rollers ■ 124 feet if live roller;" 180 fee t of sheet metal chutes ; 120 feet of incline elevator. From the cars, through the plant, and back again — via Gravity THE Joseph Campbell Company is "some tomato" in the canning field. To keep the millions of cases of "empties" coming from the cars, to keep them moving through the plant, to keep them going back, filled, to the cars, is no small feat in production routing and manufacturing efficiency. For here time counts ! A minute's delay, a slight interruption, the least congestion along the line of supply, operation and outlet, means many idle hands; multiplied labor loss; a deep cut into the day's margin of profit. Today's supply of labor is far too precious — and uncertain ! — its cost too great, to be consumed in such non-productive details as carrying or wheeling materials from operation to operation, moving goods to and from warehouse, loading and unloading cars, etc. Use Gravity! It's free! Harness it! There's work — a job, a place, an operation, a detail — about your plant, be it large or small, where Gravity can be used and time, labor and money saved. Member of Material Handling Ma Mathews Gravity Conveyer system can be fitted, section by section, portably or permanently, to any industry, plant, yard or production route. Mathews drawn-steel, ball-bearing rollers are so perfectly balanced and responsive to Gravity that most anything, from fragile objects to heavy crates, boxes, barrels, bags, castings are conveyed gently at very slight inclines and at a moderate, uniform rate of speed. Do yourself the good turn to look into gravity conveying. Drop us a line. We've a branch office near you, and a sales engineer courteous and willing to go over your plant and problems, point out the economies a Mathews can effect for you, and recommend the equipment your layout and business require — all without any obligation whatever on your part. MATHEWS GRAVITY CARRIER CO. 133 Tenth Street, Ellwood City, Pa. Branch Factories: Port Hope, Ontario. London, England GRAVITY ROLLER CONVEYER Page 18 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 Efficient Methods Necessary The Use of Modern Appliances in Picking, Handling and Packing of Fruit Rapidly Placing Fruit Industry on Practical Business Basis OUR GENERAL LINE of supplies and equipment for the Orchard, Packing House, Central Packing Plant and Storage Warehouses has been selected after fifteen years' experience in various phases of the fruit industry— growing, marketing, manufacturing equipment and installing efficient mechanical systems. There is no element of speculation need be considered when you purchase our equipment. We have searched the markets for the best obtainable and will only consent to act as distributor or manufacturers' agent when firmly convinced that our mer- chandise will be the BEST obtainable. We fully guarantee our machinery, equipment and installaticns, and we solicit the business of the practical fruit grower who purchases equipment to save time, labor and money. The Four W Picking Bag A Revelation in Canvas Picking Bag Construction. Built to give real service. Made of 12 oz. heavy duck; steel frame at opening shaped to body; canvas fastened to frame and made doubly secure by real leather binding. Straps made of heavy webbing and fastened to frame at points that assure complete rigidity at all times, and that allows the fruit picker absolute freedom of both hands and arms during the com- plete picking operation. Send for sample today or write for illus- trated circular explaining the strong points of the "4W" Picking Bag. Price $3.50 FOB Wenatchee, Wash. (5% discount for cash with order) The "New Invincible" Power Sprayer WE have been building Power Sprayers for the past five years With fifteen vears' experience in the fruit game our knowl- edge of what' is required in a POWER SPRAYER is linked with the mechanical skill and inventive genius of our engineers, Messrs. Benson and Balch. Note this combination: Fairbanks-Morse Engine, with Bosch Magneto; Ward's "High Efficiency " Spray Pump; Patented Idler Gear (flexible); Benson Pressure Regulator; Hi-Speed "Vapo-Sprav" Gun. RESPONSIBLE DEALERS IN FRUIT-GROW- ING DISTRICTS are now selling the "NEW INVINCIBLE." Price $635.00 "The Safest, Strongest, Lightest Picking Ladder" The Ewing Orchard Ladder 1 —Manufactured of clear airplane spruce, air diied. 2 — Each step properly supported by an ingenious metal fast- ener. Steps are further sup- ported and ladder strength- ened by bolt running under each step, clear thtu ladder. 3-Bottom of ladder has sufficient spread to prevent tipping. 4 - Ladder is strong enough to hold the heaviest man and will stand up season after season. Price 75c per foot rpi-^ "Qnp/>pcc" RnY T*1*P«« Built with a view to eliminate the necessity of constant repair and, in many cases, 1 IIC oUllcSS JJUA IT I C»B tne purc hasing of a new press every other season, the "Success" Box Press meets the most exacting requirements of the fruit grower or organization. Note the following features: 1 — Extra heavy construction, insuring complete rigidity; fastf ners placed on each side and back of press to which wheel or roller conveyor can be instantly attached allowing un-lidded and lidded boxes to be disposed of at the will of the pressman. 2 — Metal arms and equalizer manufactured in one piece, and are adjustable, instantly, to apple, pear rr other sized fruit boxes; equalizer fastens to upright bars of cold rolled shafting. 3 — Patent clutch, with rigid dog and patent ratchet shift, makes the operation of the press swift and sure. This clutch overcomes all disagreeable features found in many presses. Pressmen in large packing houses are unanimous in declaring this press the fastest and most efficient on the market. Illustrations and complete specifications gladly mailed to any address. (5 discount for cash with order) Price $75.00, FOB Wenatchee, Wash. The ideal valves for irrigation. Made in single stream and bi-stream patterns. Allows free passage of water and easy access to standpipe to remove deposits of dirt. Does not clog, having an unobstructed waterway to discharge point. Illustrations and prices gladly mailed to any address. "Free Flow" Irrigation Valves In addition to the above mentioned equipment, fruit growers will no doubt be glad to know that we are distribu Apple Box Elevators. Conveyors, "Parker 5-Run Nail Strippers," Dick Smith Nail Strippers. Clark Box Hatchets. Paper Needles, Clamp Box Trucks and Conveyors. We are exclusive agents for (he new Bird Fruit Grader, which has been pronounced the best fruit grader on ear Wells & Wade, Wenatchee, Wash tors for Cooper Manufacturers' Agents July, 1020 BETTER FRUIT Observations On the Codling Moth in Walnuts By H. J. Quayle, of the Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California (A partial report of investigations in 1919) THE codling moth (laspeyresia pomo- nella) has been known to attack the English or Persian walnut in Califor- nia since 1909. In that year Mr. S. W. Foster of the United States Department of Agriculture observed it in the vicin- ity of Concord and published a bulletin on the subject. Five years later the writer received the first specimens from Santa Barbara County, and during the same year also from Orange County. While these seem to be the first actual records, no doubt the insect occurred in walnuts previous to that time. In 1914 the infestation was very slight, only a fraction of a per cent in a few groves, but since that date there has been a marked increase in the amount of infestation, until in 1918 it suddenly reached the status of a serious pest. The Citrus Experiment Station at once decided to undertake studies looking toward the control of the pest. In the meantime the California Walnut Growers Association, through its mana- ger, Mr. Carlyle Thorpe, realizing the importance of the problem, sponsored a bill which was passed by the Califor- nia legislature, and which carried a sum of money for the investigation of the problem. This money was appro- priated to the State Commission of Hor- ticulture, now the State Department of Agriculture, and through the director, Mr. G. H. Hecke, one-half of the appro- priation was generously turned over to the university for investigational work, and one-half retained by Mr. Hecke's office for work in connection with the prevention of spread of the pest. Codling Moth in Walnuts Elsewhere The codling moth attacks the walnut in South Africa, where it seems to have taken to the walnut at about the same time that the insect began to attack the walnut in California. Mr. C. W. Mally, entomologist at Cape Town, re- ports that in certain districts in 1915 as high as from 50 to 60 per cent of the crop was attacked. The codling moth also occurs in walnuts in France, where it has been known to attack the nuts as far back as 1859. It was first de- scribed as a distinct species having the scientific name of carpocapsa putamina, but later it was considered as a variety of the species pomonella, which attacks the apple. In correspondence with Mr. Carl Heinrich, of the Bureau of Entom- ology at Washington, Mr. Heinrich states that it is his opinion that the in- sect attacking the walnut in Europe is not a variety, but the same species that occurs in the apple in the United States. Identity of the Species A number of experiments were car- ried out for the purpose of determining how the insect would thrive when transferred from the apple to the wal- nut, and vice versa. Eggs, small larvae, half-grown larva?, and nearly matured larvae which were secured from the apple were transferred to the walnut, and in all cases the insect went through its development in due course. Like- wise, different stages of the larvae were taken from the walnut and transferred to the apple with similar results. In cheesecloth cages the insect from the apple deposited eggs equally freely on the apple and walnut which were sus- pended in the same cage. Similar re- sults were secured where the insects were taken from the walnut. A wal- nut tree was covered with cheesecloth and cocoons of the codling moth from the apple placed within the cheesecloth covering. Apples were suspended in the walnut tree, some of which were practically in contact with the nuts on the same tree. The moth deposited eggs on the walnuts under these conditions and the insect came to maturity. From our experiments of the first season, then, the insect may be trans- formed from one food plant to another without affecting its development. Under field conditions, however, the insect exercises more discrimination. Where walnut and apple foliage are interwoven, 90 per cent of the apples may be infested with not more than one per cent of the walnuts infested. This would be the situation in the area where the codling moth is known to infest walnuts. Outside of this area, apple and walnut foliage may be in con- tact without any record of the insect attacking the walnut. Distribution At the present time the areas where the codling moth infests walnuts, and where it is an economic problem, is in the vicinity of Santa Ana and Tustin, in the vicinity of Capistrano and Car- pinteria. Occasional records of the in- Pa-ge 10 sect in walnuts have been secured in several other localities. Mr. D. B. Mackie, who is in charge of the pre- vention of spread of the moth, has rec- ords from several localities where it has not yet reached the status of a pest. Life History The life history of the codling moth in walnuts is essentially the same as the life history of the same insect in the apple in the same locality. Until the present season it was supposed that the later broods only attacked the wal- nut. In 1919 the first eggs were observed on the walnut in Santa Ana on May 8. These were located on the stem of the new wood, a short distance back of the nut, and also on the leaves. Like the apple, the walnut in the early stages has a fuzzy surface, which is not suit- able for egg laying. The first larvae ap- peared during the s*cond week in May and continued to appear until the middle of July. The first brood of moths began to emerge on June 28 and continued until the last of August. The second brood of eggs was first observed July 7 and continued to appear until the first of September. Larvae of the second brood began to appear about the middle of July, the maximum num- bers occurring the last of July and the first of August. A third brood appeared later and larvae were observed to enter the nuts up to the first of October. The data as given are for the Santa Ana district. At Carpenteria, the life history is very different since the in- sect is three or four weeks later in making its appearance. The maximum number of larvae entered nuts in that section last year about the middle of July, and these were larvae of the first brood instead of the second brood, as at Santa Ana. The difference in temper- acco ii "Are You Getting Real says the Good Judge There's more good, last- ing taste in a little of the Real Tobacco Chew than you get out of the ordi- nary kind. You don't need a fresh chew nearly so often — that's why it costs you less to chew this class cf tobacco. Any man who uses the Real Tobacco Chew will tell you that. Put up in two styles RIGHT CUT is a short-cut tobacco W-B CUT is a long fine-cut tobacco Weyman-Bruton Company, 110/ Broadway, New York City Page 20 ature between Carpinteria and Santa Ana, while not very great, accounts for the difference in life history. Feeding Habits Many of the larva; that appear early in the spring enter the nut at the calyx end, but after the nuts attain some size and are large enough to come into more or less contact, protection is afforded at this point, and for the remainder of the season most larvae enter where two nuts are in contact. The nuts that are attacked early in the season, while they are still immature, fall to the ground, and these are not accounted for at har- vest time. Up to the middle of July the larvae as a rule bore directly toward the center of the nut. Up to this time the shell has not hardened to any extent. From the middle of July on, however, the shell is so hard that the larvae can not make their way through the shell, and the only place they can enter the nut is through the suture at the base. They may enter the husk where two nuts are in contact as usual, but when the shell is reached they bore along the shell more or less at random. The ma- jority of them sooner or later find the suture, where they enter and feed on the meat of the nut. Some that do not find the suture may complete their de- velopment in the husk of the nut alone. Control The control of the codling moth in walnuts must necessarily follow in gen- eral the methods that have been de- termined upon, after extensive investi- gation, in the case of the same insect in the apple. There are certain differ- ences and difficulties, however, in the case of the walnut. The large size of the walnut trees presents greater diffi- culty in reaching all parts. There is no calyx cup to fill, as in the apple, and it is also necessary to get the poison where two nuts are in contact. Banding Burlap bands placed around the tree trunk serve as a place where larvae re- pair to undergo pupation. While some of the worms enter here, there is not a sufficient number to afford satisfactory commercial control. Since after the first month or so the worms enter the band almost continuously it is neces- sary that the bands be removed and in- sects beneath killed, in order for the bands to be effective. To avoid the trouble of attending to the bands every couple of weeks the improved band, which was first used by E. H. Siegler in Colorado, was used. This consists of the ordinary burlap band, over which is placed twelve-mesh mosquito wire netting. This sort of a band allows the worms to enter through the meshes of the screen when they go under the burlap band to spin their cocoons as usual, but when the moth emerges it is unable to make its way out through the screen through which the larva entered. Hence such a band serves as a permanent trap. While these bands check a few of the insects there still may be a heavy percentage of infesta- tion on the same tree. BETTER FRUIT Spraying Spraying is the method of control generally relied upon for the codling moth in the apple and it proved to be satisfactory the past year in the control of the same insect in the walnut. A considerable amount of spray material is necessary to cover a tree, and this would seem to be a serious objection to spraying. An average sized walnut tree will require 25 gallons of spray to cover it thoroughly. The largest trees may require as much as 35 gallons. Good sized apple trees may be covered with eight or ten gallons, but the tree basis is not the proper way to make the com- parison. While the walnut tree re- quires much more material there are fewer trees to the acre, so that on an acre basis there is not much difference between the amount of material needed for walnut and apple spraying. If a walnut tree requires 25 gallons and there are 20 trees to the acre, the amount of spray material per acre will be 500 gallons. If an apple tree re- quires eight gallons of spray and there are 60 trees to the acre the amount of material per acre will be 480 gallons. Dusting A large acreage was dusted during the past season (1919) for the codling moth, that is, arsenate of lead was applied dry rather than being mixed with water and used as a liquid. The dry material has been used with success in some sec- tions on the apple. Dusting in the Santa Ana and Carpinteria sections has resulted in a considerable reduction of wormy nuts. The chief objection dur- ing the past year was due probably to lack of thoroughness in covering the tree. While the aphis is readily killed by the dust, in the case of the codling moth it is necessary to have the arseni- cal on every nut on the tree for good control. Another objection to the kind of dust that was used last year was the injury that resulted to the tree. The walnut tree is very susceptible to in- jury by spray materials, and hence only the most neutral materials can be used with safety. Fortunately the objection of injury to the tree may be easily and completely overcome by using basic or neutral ar- senate of lead, rather than the standard or acid arsenate of lead that was gener- ally used during 1919. Where the writer employed the liquid spray, basic arse- nate of lead was used with no injury whatever. Some of the second applica- tions of dust also consisted of this mate- rial and no injury was done. Basic arsenate of lead is not as powerful a poison as the acid arsenate, hence is slower acting on the larvae. In the case of the walnut, however, if the poison kills the larvae eventually it would be satisfactory, because a small burrow in the husk alone will not affect the nut, whereas the same injury would mar the apple. Time of Application Based upon life-history studies of the codling moth in the walnut conducted last year, the first application should be made during the last week of May and the first week or two of June. The July, 1920 second application should be made about July 15. These dates are just previous to the time when the maxi- mum number of larvae of the two im- portant broods enter the nuts. This ap- plies to the Santa Ana district. At Car- pinteria the time of appearance of the broods is strikingly different from that at Santa Ana. At Santa Ana the great- est injury is done by the summer brood in July and August, while at Carpin- teria most injury is done by the spring brood in the latter half of July. There is, therefore, practically a full brood less at Carpinteria, and on this account one application ought to be sufficient. The time for making this application at Carpinteria would be the latter part of June or the first part of July. Results of Dusting, 1919 A very complete survey of the area infested with the walnut codling moth was made as the nuts were harvested at Santa Ana, and also at Carpinteria. More than 200,000 nuts, representing some 5,000 pounds, were separately ex- amined. Counts were made with each pick in most cases, and a reliable figure representing the percentage of infesta- tion was secured from over 100 or- chards, about one-half of which were dusted and one-half were not dusted. TABLE I.— SURVEY OF SANTA ANA AREA. Per cent wormy General average all orchards dusted.... 4.73 General average orchards not dusted. . . . 6.33 Highest pet. in single orchard dusted... 10 Highest pet. single orchard not dusted. .21.9 Lowest pet. single orchard dusted 8 Lowest pet. single orchard not dusted. . .33 TABLE II.— SURVEY OF CARPINTERIA AREA General average orchards dusted 4.2 General average orchards not dusted. . . 9.7 Highest pet. single orchard dusted 6.6 Highest pet. single orchard not dusted.. 15. 8 Lowest pet. single orchard dusted 7 Lowest pet. single orchard not dusted.. .8 Referring to the figures given in Tables I and II, it is assumed that most of the heavily infested orchards were dusted. That was the case at least at Carpinteria. One orchard well toward the center of the infested area in that section, however, was left untreated and another not treated until very late. These two orchards, only, furnish the figures "9.7," for "not dusted," under Carpinteria. If counts were made just outside the infested district at Carpin- teria they would show practically no infestation, whether dusted or not. At Santa Ana, however, many or- chards were not dusted that were dis- tributed among the dusted orchards and were in general area of infestation. Ap- proximately an equal number of de- terminations was made also between dusted and not dusted orchards, so that the figures should be fairly reliable. Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco rlON BETTER FRl'IT QVbtice how the advertising op picrys up the (ahel and then % emember that raund Label & Lifhograph Co^^ makes millions oPt6< em Products that have a name to live up to, a reputation to sustain, are fittingly LABELED and CARTONED by Traunc. Traung's Labels and Cartons are carrying the message of goodness and high quality into millions of homes throughout the land. The service TRAUNG is rendering the biggest canning and packing corporations on the Coast, TRAUNG can render you. Trauinc Label and Lithograph Co. Factories at San Francisco Seattle Stockton An institution that sticks to its last p®y Label & Lithograph Co. FACTORIES I -San Francisco 2- Stockton. 3- Seattle sales orncES Portland Fresno Sacramento Tacoma m July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 Filbert Culture in County of Kent, England By A. A. Quarnberg, Vancouver, Washington LAST summer I made a trip to Eng- land for the purpose of studying filbert culture in a country where fil- berts have been successfully cultivated for centuries. The county of Kent, sit- uated in the southeastern portion of the country is the principal filbert produc- ing section of England, especially in the vicinity of Maidstone in the Medway Valley. In this country thousands of acres of land are devoted to filbert cul- ture. I very much enjoyed my little daily excursions into the many differ- ent vigorous and systematically trained and pruned filbert orchards. These ex- cursions gave me the opportunity and pleasure of meeting a number of the most prominent and successful growers and of discussing with them the various phases of filbert culture. Thereby I gained much valuable information con- cerning the practices in vogue. The county of Kent has a mild and genial climate, much like that of the Pacific Northwest. The surface of the country is rolling. The soil is a gravelly loam with some chalk; it is generally well drained and fertile. Judging from the flourishing condi- tion of the vegetation generally, the cli- matic conditions seem to be favorable for the growing of filberts as well as other fruit common to that region. In Kent, the filbert or cob nut is to a great extent grown in alternate rows with other species of fruit, such as apples, pears, and plums; the filbert trees usually being planted from 24 to 30 feet each way, making the distance between the trees in the mixed orchard from 12 to 15 feet apart. In these mixed orchards the filbert trees are pruned low and not allowed to grow more than six feet in height, while the other fruit trees are headed high and trained to a position above the low headed filbert trees. Often the apples, pears and plums form a dense cover over the cob nuts and yet the latter were said to bear well, though not so abundantly as in more open spaces. In some of the older orchards, many of the standard fruit trees had died of old age and the cob nut trees occupied all the space. In such cases the filberts frequently had a spread of over 20 feet across the top, but still they were not allowed to grow over the standard six feet in height. In favor of the mixed orchard it was claimed that the filberts and cob nuts would withstand considerable shade from other fruit trees and that gener- ally some kind of a crop from the different varieties of fruit could rea- sonably be expected every year, so that by this method the land would produce a more regular income than when planted to filberts alone. Such was the case in 1919, when the cob nuts and filberts had a short crop while there was a good crop of cherries, apples, pears, plums, etc. Cob nut and filbert trees planted alone in orchard form were usually set 12 to 20 feet apart, or somewhat closer than when interplantcd with other fruit trees. In spite of an occasional failure or short crop the Kent filbert growers seemed to have full confidence in the industry, claiming that the cob nuts and filberts, on the average, paid as well as fruit grown there, and, in my judgment, Kent certainly is a good fruit section. While the filbert trees naturally did best on good land, it was claimed that the cob nuts and filberts were less ex- acting as to soil and that they would succeed on land quite unprofitable for various kinds of fruit. It was also said that rich and wet soils were expected to produce much wood and yet fre- quently yield less nuts. The variety of filbert most largely grown in Kent is the so-called Kentish cob, or Lambert, a variety with long husk and shape much resembling our Du Chilly, but probably a different strain of that type of nut. Regarding filbert and cob nuts, I will quote what a technical Kent filbert man says: "The old distinction between filberts and cob nuts was that the first-named had long husks or full beards, closing over the nuts, and the cob only a short one plainly showing the nut." This dis- tinction has not been accurately re- tained and the Kentish cob is by that definition truly a filbert, but in Kent all the short-husked nuts are generally known as filberts and the long-husked nuts as cob nuts. The Kentish cob is placed in the front rank of the so-called market nuts be- cause it is a large, attractive and good- flavored dessert nut, and the tree is a strong grower with great bearing qual- ities. There are quite a number of other varieties of filberts grown in Kent, but of the short-husked and roundish shaped nuts there were none which in my opinion, in all-round good qualities would compare with our Pacific North- west grown Barcelona. But whether the Kentish cob, the chief nut in Kent, on the average, is a better nut than our Northwest Du Chilly, I am not pre- pared to say. Concerning the question of pollina- tion of the filbert, so important to us, I did not learn much in Kent, mainly because our own chief varieties, such as Du Chilly and Barcelona, are not grown there, and besides the growers generally did not seem to have the mat- ter of filbert pollination fully system- atized. Any imperfection in this re- spect may partly be explained by the circumstance that the Kentish cob, the variety chiefly grown there, to a great extent appears to be self-fertile, at least that seems to be the indication from the fact that large blocks of Kentish cob trees planted without any special pro- visions for cross-poUination, were said to be very productive. On the other hand one of the best authorities on fil- berts recommends the planting of one Cosford cob to every 25 trees of Kent- ish cob to insure good fertilization. The Cosford was said to be a better pro- ducer of catkins than the Kentish cob and itself a thin-shelled, good flavored nut. Another variety known as the Red Barcelona, and an enormous pro- ducer of catkins, was also reported to be used as a pollinizer, but its nuts were said to be small and of little com- mercial value. A point considered of the greatest importance in connection with the cul- tivation of the filbert in Kent is the pruning of the trees. To see and study the close and systematic prun- ing of the filbert tree and its results was the main object of my visit. And now after having visited and ex- amined a number of the Kent filbert orchards, it is my opinion that the thor- ough and systematic pruning which the growers are giving their trees undoubt- v/^\ h)n ^-^ rh\ ^^1 yb 1 rCj5£ ^ x /"A L^^A$m ^/7> Arm ^-l\/ Boxes large and boxes small; Boxes snort and boxes tall; And every box Withstands its knox, For they're "B-D" built — that's all. Selected spruce and hemlock, carefully inspected, from choicest stocks in the west, used to build Bloedel Donovan Boxes Your demands for containers that will carry your products safely are met quickly. May we have your next order? BLOEDEL DONOVAN LUMBER MILLS 1018 White Building Seattle, U.S.A. VHEN. WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION RETT BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: Ladders Box Presses Packing Chairs Box-Making Benches Potato Graders and Sizers Price Fruit Sorters and'Sizers Nelson Fruit Sorters and Sizers And ah Kinds of Special Equipment Price "Price Products" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated booklet and price list on request. PRICE MANUFACTURING CO., Inc. Yakima, Washington Fruit Pays Best When Packed in the Strong, Trim, Conveniently Inspected Universal Package The ideal package for all fruits and veg- etables. Low in price; strong. Saves labor and time. No nails needed. Write for prices and literature. Write for free monthly bul- letin filled with interesting and valuable information for growers and shippers. State how many trees you have and ask for year's free subscription. PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION B 106 East Jefferson Street, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA MUSICAL WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET MERCHANDISE W. Martius Music House Inc. MUSIC WRITE 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington WRITE US Everything Known In Music US edly is a strong factor in the success made of filbert culture there. By the thorough methods of pruning all the bearing wood of the trees is practically renewed every few years and the life and bearing period of the trees are prolonged almost indefinitely. In the Beadle Brothers' orchard, neai the city of Maidstone, I saw one of the oldest cob nut trees in the county. Its main stem was between two and three feet in diameter, one foot above ground, and the tree although more than 150 years old still appeared to be as strong and healthy as the surrounding trees fully 100 years younger. I found the filbert growers nearly all agreed on the basin-shaped form of tree on a single stem from one to one and one-half feet high as the best for all purposes. Concerning the training and forming of the basin shape tree, W. F. Emptage, horticultural adviser and specialist, gives the following di- rections: The newly planted trees are allowed to go without pruning one year, or until they are well established. The single stem is then cut back to a height of 12 to 15 inches to cause it to throw out shoots from the head to form the future tree. Four or five healthy strong shoots are allowed to grow, which in good ground they do rapidly. During the following winter the shoots are spread apart carefully and held in the form of a basin by a wooden hoop placed between the branches. These shoots are tied out around the hoop at equal distances and headed back in such a way that the terminal buds open outwards. These shoots are then al- lowed to grow and to put out new branches until about the fourth year when there will be 12 to 15 branches. The heads are kept broad, spreading and open by tying out the branches to stakes set in the ground, or otherwise, in order to get them into perfect shape. From these branches a set of spurs or shoots is given off on which the nuts are produced. To cause them to push out such spurs along their whole length, the main branches must be headed back more or less at every winter pruning. According to E. A. Bunyard, one of the best authorities on filbert culture in Kent, after the base of the tree has been shaped to the proper form, prun- ing consists of breaking out the strong suckers which grow up in the center of the tree, cutting the strong leading shoots back, thinning the spurs, remov- ing old wood, etc., the side shoots being best thinned after the flowers appear and the catkins have remained long enough to fertilize the pistilate flowers. And if time permits in July and August it was said that it was a great help to the strength of the tree to break the stronger shoots off the upper boughs with the finger and thumb. This opera- tion plumps up the buds below the frac- ture and assists in ripening the wood. This method is found better than cut- ting as the broken surface allows some sap to exude, and tends to prevent the formation of secondary growth, which would weaken the tree, and be of no value in producing nuts. In winter WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER PRCIT July, 1920 Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco Facts! You cannot deny them. Motorists buy Zerolene be- cause it is good lubricating oil; because it makes the car last longer. More than half the motorists of the Pacific Coast states use Zerolene. Such approval is giv- en only as a reward to a prod- uct of highest quality. There is a Zerolene Correct Lubrication Chart for each make of car. Get one for your car at your dealer's or our nearest sta- tion. Use Zerolene for the Cor- rect Lubrication of your auto- mobile, truck or tractor. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ZEROLENE Agradejbv eqck type of engine Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get ourrprice*. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. BETTER FRUIT pruning these broken ends are smoothly severed with a sharp knife or shears; and the pruner should so manage that there will always be an abundance of good young wood in the tree for fruit- ing purposes. When a twig shows signs of age the grower should prune so that a fresh young one will succeed it in the next year's cutting, so that worn-out twigs will never be seen in old trees. The trees should be so managed that at the end of 100 years they should be from 15 to 20 feet across the top but not higher than six feet from the ground. It was also said that some fine nuts were produced on trees of pyramid form, 10 to 12 feet high, which have their spurs shortened, thinned, etc., in the same way as the basin-formed trees, gaining a few inches of upward exten- sion annually. The Kent filbert growers generally were well agreed on the necessity and great benefits of close and systematic pruning both for quality of nuts and for yield. Filbert orchards in Kent are kept in good state of culture mainly by hand cultivation, such as forking, hoeing, etc. Some growers claimed that on account of the shallow feeding habits of the fil- bert tree, plowing would damage the roots. However that may be, the low- headed, spreading trees and the crowded condition of the orchards gen- erally made the ordinary methods of cultivation hardly practicable or very inconvenient to say the least. Suckers were cleared out wherever they ap- peared. I was told that the Kent filbert or- chards received a dressing of barnyard manure or other fertilizer whenever required to keep the trees in good bear- ing condition. The Kent filbert orchards were com : paratively free from disease and insect pests and I did not hear of any filbert blight there. As to yields, it was said that one ton of filbert nuts has frequently been ob- tained from one acre, and as high a yield as two and one-half tons per acre has been recorded, but that was very exceptional. The owner of a 300-acre filbert plantation told me that he, in a long run of years, had, in round num- bers, harvested from 300,000 to 500,000 pounds of nuts a year, or from 1000 to 1607 pounds per acre. This probably may be taken as a fair estimate of the average yield of the filbert orchards in Kent. The cob nuts and filberts grown in Kent are cured and sold almost entirely in the husk, and for this purpose it was said that the nuts could be picked some- what earlier than when husked. I have briefly described some of the things which I saw and learned con- cerning filbert culture in Kent. The methods, practices and results obtained in the culture of the filbert there are certainly interesting and should be carefully studied and investigated by us with a view of adopting such of the methods and practices as may be thought beneficial and practical under existing conditions and circumstances in the Pacific Northwest. Page 23 BEST SERVICE- QUALITY & PRICE PERFECTION IN FRUIT (LABELS 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK 81.00. PORTLAND.ORECON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN M ANA GER WE CARRY-AND CAN SHIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES.CHERRIES a STRAWBERRIES. ■- ■..!- ■■■— ■ .« l .... M m U l 1 — » BCT— I MB— wa Established 1882 TOJBaltes $ Company Printers WE print anything from the smallest to the largest and always welcome orders of any size or quantity, giving prompt, personal and efficient service. Mail or phone inquiries are solicited. We do not specialize — experience and equipment enable us to print everything equally well.We render service in preparing copy and illustrations and furnish plans and estimates for catalogs, booklets, publications, billboard and any other kind of advertising. First and Oak Streets Main 165; Auto5U-65 Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING SERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER ERUI Page 24 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 Classified Advertisements 1 RATE, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK. ITALIAN PRUNE TREES. Cleaning up at wholesale price. State quantity and grades wanted. Don't delay. Only few more thousand to offer. Grafted walnuts, Alberts, fruit trees, loganberries, raspberries, rhubarb, etc. LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., Lafayette, Oregon. ORIENTAL FLOWERING PLANT — Japanese Fire flowering plant, beautiful ornamental foliage, bright red flowers, imported by grower, 10c package postpaid. J. A. Rean, East Seattle, Washington. MISCELLANEOUS. CONSULTING HORTICULTURIST Professor W. S. Thornber, formerly head of the Department of Horticulture and Land- scape Gardening and later director of Ex- tension Service of the State College of Wash- ington, will advise with fruit growers upon all horticultural problems. If your orchard has not been a financial success and you wish to determine its possibilities or you wish to improve your orchard, reduce your losses and increase your returns, I will assist you in working out your problem. Write for terms. W. S. Thornber, Lewiston, Idaho. THE VIRGINIA FRUIT S1ZER— Make it your- self for twenty dollars. Now used by col- leges and railroads for educational work. Simple, durable, accurate. Blueprints, pack- ing pamphlet and construction booklet for five dollars. Growers say best yet invented. Money back if dissatisfied. Sizes apples, pears, peaches, oranges. G. C. Starcher, Auburn, Alabama. TRESPASS SIGNS. Don't allow trespassers to destroy your property. Our big waterproof and sunproof No Trespassing" signs will keep out tres- passers. Send $1 for six signs, size 11x14 inches. Twelve for $1.75. Sent postpaid. Out West Supply Company, Portland, Oregon. PRACTICAL UP-TO-DATE ORCHARDIST, twenty years' extensive experience in irri- gated Northwest, most efficient workman, wants position with some large orchard com- pany, season 1921, must be convenient to good school. Address B, care Better Fruit. FARMS FOR SALE. $10,000. AN IDEAL STOCK AND DAIRY RANCH.— 120 acres, all level; Stevens County, 20 miles to Spokane. All heavy sub-irrigated land; 80 acres in cultivation; fenced and cross-fenced. Excellent buildings, including stone milk house. Running spring water piped to house and barn. Bearing family orchard and 1% acres young orchard, choice varieties; 20 acres timothy meadow; 5 acres alfalfa; suffi- cient cord wood and saw timber to pay for place. Easy haul. Excellent location near Wild Rose Prairie. Here is your chance, Mr. Farmer. $4,000 cash, balance to suit. $15,500. AN IDEAL DAIRY FARM. 123 acres in Colville Valley, near Grays, railroad station on new state highway. Fair six-room house; excellent new barn and hay sheds, chicken-house and hog pens, etc.; 100 acres in hay, mostly alfalfa; about 20 acres in small timber, easily cleared. Running spring by house and in barnyard. Colville river runs through place, good trout fishing. No better dairy farm of same size anywhere. $5000 cash, balance to suit. THE BIG BEND LAND COMPANY, Spokane, Washington. HOOD RIVER HOMES Orchard properties at reasonable prices. Strawberry and farm land. Choice small homesite tracts. Excellent city residences. Famous Hood River Valley — the home of at- tractive homes. Hood River Abstract & In- vestment Co., Hood River, Oregon. A GREAT BARGAIN Mira-Monte Orchords; 80 acres; 10 acres in 11-year-old Delicious and King David apples. 4-room bungalow, barn, fine well, tank tower and pumping plant; 6 miles north Lyle, Washington; good road; magni- ficent view. Estimated crop, 2500 boxes. Price $10,000. Address owner, P. S. Malcolm 214 Failing Bldg., Portland, Oregon. ^ yiminirr^ CONSULTING HORTICULTURIST PROFESSOR W. S.THORNBER Formerly HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING Later DIRECTOR OF THE EXTENSION SERVICE OF THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON WILL ADVISE with fruit-growers upon all horticultural problems, including selection and preparation of orchard lands; propagation and care of nursery stock; planting and care of young orchards and small fruit plantations; the control of codling moth, San Jose scale, blight and other orchard pests; the preparation of lime-sulphur at home and the mixing of other sprays; economical orchard management; the irrigation and fertilization of orchard lands; the use of cover-crops and grass mulches; the pruning of fruit trees, shade trees, shrubs, bushes and vines; the renovation of old or neglected orchards, top- working or replacing of poor or unprofitable trees, and the examining and the working out of practical management plans for large orchards and orchard companies. If your orchard has not been a financial success, and you wish to determine its possibilities or you wish to improve your orchard, reduce your losses and increase your returns I will assist you in working out your problem. WRITE FOR TERMS W. S.THORNBER LEWISTON, IDAHO = ^iiiiiiintntt tMiriiaitiliiiiiiiiiiiiiitdiiiiiJDJfiiiDKirLiiifiiitiiiii tinpriMiiii iiiiiiEJiiiiTiitiiiMiiriii jiiiiiiLi MiiiuiDiiiiMirrtjiirj rMir irmiMiifiiif 3 IiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiuiHiiiiiiiiw 400-ACRE STOCK FARM within 40 miles of Portland; vegetable loam, well watered; roll- ing, nearly all tillable; 50 acres under plow, 50 acres pasture; houses, barns, outbuildings and other improvements. Abundance and variety choicest fruit; 37 years continuous crops by owner, whose infirmity forces sale. $20,000. Terms. Clackamas County, 160 acres 35 miles from Portland; 36 acres cultivation; fenced, cross- fenced, orchard, house, barn, spring water supply, good road, adjoining school; best soil. $8,000. Terms at 6 per cent. Douglas County 160-acre mountain ranch near Ashland; good house, barn, outbuild- ings; partly fenced and cross-fenced; 12 acres cultivated; 2,000,000 feet saw timber; $3000, terms. E. PIERSON, 415 Chamber of Commerce Building, Portland, Oregon. FOR SALE — $2250 buys 50 acres of fine level land in Shasta County, California, under irrigation system, ditch on property; grows anything. Especially adapted to fruit and berries, olives, alfalfa. Latest enterprise proving great success is rice culture. About 30 acres ready for cultivation; balance slightly wooded. Address H. H. Shuflleton, Jr., Redding, California. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT FOR SALE — Ten and one-half acres of com- mercial orchard, lots 9 and 10, block 57, Lewiston Orchards. Seven acres in seven- year old apple trees, selected commercial varieties; three and one-half acres in cher- ries. In good condition; ideally situated near paved road; centralized school, church, and six miles from Lewiston, Idaho. Pipe line irrigation, fully equipped. $8500. Dis- count for ca sh. David JJlson, Kent, Ohio. CUT~OVER — LANDS! 23 miles north of Spokane, rich bottom lands, good for dairying and general farm- ing, no irrigation, plenty of running water, free lumber, 10 years' time, 6 per cent. Call or write Deer Park Lumber Company, Deer Park, Washington, or 109 Stevens Streets, S pokane, Washing ton. CUT-OVER AND DEVELOPED LANDS, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables, hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre. Ten years time, 6 per cent Interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Company ,Jslk, Washin gton. FOR SALE — 27-acre Idaho apple orchard, 7 years old; alfalfa between rows; water right. $500 per acre. Write Box 694, Weiser, Idaho. gP^* OUR ORCHARD ^^JBlC NEW YORK bhOUEiTI^M^BLY THE H°jt lnp?RraiiT Fd(T\ ith the two transfer tracks which connect through tunnel doors. This track to be continued be- yond the sulphur house transfer track 2 feet beyond end of shed housing the dipping outfit, and connecting with a transfer track 17 feet long by which cars may be transferred from track outside shed to track beside dipper under shed. Connecting dipping outfit and air lock at fan end of tunnel is a 24-inch track 35 feet 6 inches long. This track permits loaded cars to be taken to tunnel or sulphur house via air lock and sulphur house transfer track. 11. Air Locks. A compartment 5M> feet wide, 7% feet long and 7 feet high, connecting to door at fan end of tunnel. Side toward dipper to consist of two folding doors, each ZVi feet wide by 7 feet high, inside measurements. The side toward sulphur house to be formed by two folding doors each 2 feet 10 inches wide. University evaporator, revised ground plan. Walls and ceiling of T. & G. flooring over 2x4-inch pine. A similar compartment at door at furnace end of tunnel, but this to be fitted with two folding doors 2 feet 10 inches by 7 feet at end and no doors at side. Compartments are used to permit entrance and removal of cars without admission of cold air to tunnel. 12. Trucks. Twelve ordinary dry yard trucks as used in Fresno County of wooden frame and built to run on 24-inch tracks. Frames 6 feet long to be removed and placed at right angles to usual position so that in the tunnel the frame will extend across the tunnel. Frame to be extended two inches on either side, making total width of frame 6 feet 4 inches. This permits 1 inch clearance on either side in tunnel. A frame of 2x4-inch material 6J/2 inches high to be built up in center of car to act as guide for stacking trays. Four level steel transfer cars, Fresno County pattern, for 42-inch tracks. 13. Observation Windows. Five 12xl2-inch portholes in wall of tunnel, 3 feet from floor and closed with air-tight doors. Portholes to be so placed that cars of fruit in tunnel may be easily observed during drying. Shed. — 1. Shed 64 feet long by 20 feet wide, 8 feet high at eaves. Shingled roof, quarter slope. Roof resting on 6x6-inch stringers on 8x8-inch redwood supports, 8 feet 6 inches long, on concrete piers 8 feet on centers. Sides and ends of shed open. Shed so placed that tunnel wall containing air locks is 8 feet from outside line of shed and other wall 5 feet from line of shed. Shed to house tunnel and dip- ping outfit, but not furnace room or sulphur house. Ventilator over dipping outfit 10 feet long and 3 feet high, with roof of same slope as shed roof. 2. Shed floor 4-inch concrete, surfaced. Dipping Outfit (for Prunes or Grapes). 1. Dipping Tank. Heavy black sheet iron tank 6 feet long by 3 feet wide and IV2 feet deep, set in firebrick furnace fitted with medium size forced blast oil or distillate burner or larger gravity distillate burner. Top of tank 33 inches from floor. Outer wall P^L ri/ff/VflCC ROOM Cf?035 SECTION rURNF\CE ROOM LONGITUDin/lL SECT/OH scale or rear ' * ' 4 ' 6 ' i — To i" f w /.ye KC-TTi-E. WNG IT CD/HAL. SETT/OAf £ < » u yu-rcneo ay *fcwess MULTI V A /V d fX/f/fVST rnn /N5TflLL»f/on r j- — - ac Section of more important jarts of evaporator. August, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 M .SECTION OF UmV£RSITV PflRM DIPPER Dipping machine. of furnace on line of outer shed and one on end line of shed. Fans to be fitted with 1%-inch drain. 2. Rinsing Vat. Same size and construction as dipping vat, but placed on cement piers. Fitted with 1%-inch drain. Vat placed on path of dipping basket and adjacent to dipping vat. 3. Water supply to fill vats and wash floors. 4. Dipping machine of merry-go-round type. Appearance of this machine best seen from sketch. Alternative Dipping Arrangement. — One com- mercially built hand-power prune dipper equipped with rinsing vat and oil or distillate burner in addition to dipping tank. This equipment has proved thoroughly satisfactory, but the distillate burner is essential. Sulphur House. — Of concrete, brick or wood, and placed beside transfer track connecting to air lock and tunnel at fan end of tunnel. Placed 8 feet from outer line of shed. Size, 8% feet long by 7% feet high by 7 feet wide inside. End towards transfer track formed by two folding doors, each 3^2 feet wide by 7M< feet high. Small sulphur pit 8 inches square by 6 inches deep in floor between tracks near door. Tracks 24 inches apart, extending to rear end of sulphur house and transfer track. Adjustable vent 6 inches square in roof. Sul- phur house may be omitted; not absolutely essential. Cesspools and Drains. — If evaporator is not connected to sewer system a cesspool at least 8 feet by 6 feet by 8 feet deep will be needed to care for waste water, or waste waters may be run on land, but may in time impregnate the soil with injurious amounts of alkali. Stemmer. — One ordinary raisin stemmer and 3-h.p. motor. Not absolutely essential, but desirable for dried wine grapes. Receiving Platform. — At side of shed hold- ing dipping outfit. Length 16 feet, width 12 feet, height 2 feet. Made of 2x12 rough pine and — x — frame on concrete piers. Trays. — Five hundred trays, slat-bottom type, 3x3 feet in size. Sides — Each side made up of one piece 36x2x1 >/,-inch and one piece 33x1x1 1,2-inch. Ends — Each end made up of one piece 36x1x1 i^-inch. Bottoms — Made up of V4xiA-inch strips 36 inches long, placed % inch apart, 40 strips to each tray. One brace 12x1x33 inches extending under middle of tray. Approximate List of Materials. — 1. Lumber for construction of shed and tunnel: 6x6-inch rough redwood, 18-foot lengths, 162 linear feet; 2x6-inch S-2-E Oregon pine, 950 linear feet; lx6-inch pine sheathing, 3500 linear feet; 2x4- inch S-2-E Oregon pine, 400 linear feet; 1x4- inch T. & G. flooring, 8000 linear feet; 2x8-inch rough pine, 82 linear feet; 4x6-inch rough pine, 88 linear feet; 4x4-inch rough pine, 64 linear feel; 4x4-inch S-4-S Oregon pine for dipper, 10 linear feet; 3x4-inch S-4-S Oregon pine for dipper, 20 linear feet; 2xl2-inch rough pine, 300 linear feet; 19,000 redwood shingles. Total cost in 1919, ¥679.99. 2. Shook for trays: 1000 pieces 36x2x1 Vj- inch sugar pine S-2-E; 1000 pieces 33xlxli|- inch sugar pine S-2-S; 1000 pieces 36x1x1 %- inch sugar pine S-2-S: 20,000 pieces i/ 2 xi/i-inch sugar pine S-l-S; 500 pieces 33xi/,xl inch. Cost in 1919, $90. 3. Motor or engine, 7% h.p. 4. Boiler shell with tubes removed, one head removed, and one end fitted to receive 12-inch stack. Size 10 or 12 feet by 36 or 40 inches. 5. Burners. Two medium size air blast oil or distillate burners, or three large ditto, grav- ity type. 6. Fan. One multivane top vertical dis- charge exhaust fan with blade wheel 36 inches in diameter through axle (e.g., No. 6 Sirocco or No. 9 Sturtevant). 7. Two tanks for dip*per, each 6x3 feet by 11/2 inches, heavy gauge black sheet metal. 8. Two 22-inch prune dipping baskets. 9. One set roller bearings for dipper (or items 7, 8 and 9 to be replaced by one hand- power prune dipper and rinser). 10. Dry yard rails, 8 lbs. per yard, 400 feet. 11. Black sheet iron heavy gauge 12-inch pipe: Nine lengths 10 feet long; one length 1 foot long; two 3-way connections; four elbows; six return bends; one T fitted with damper; one 20-foot length for stack. 12. About 500 plain bricks and about 500 firebricks for dipping outfit and furnace. 13. About 130 sacks cement for furnace room, floors and sulphur house. 14. About 150 lbs fireclay for furnaces. 15. Three loads crushed rock, four loads sand, 17 loads creek gravel, IV2 barrels lime (used at University Farm 1919). 16. One recording thermometer, range about 50 degrees F. to 220 degrees F. 17. Leather belt 20 feet long, 4 inches wide, 2-ply. 18. Miscellaneous: Nails, water pipe, hose, hinges, roller and trucks for sliding doors, wiring, etc. A number of these evaporators are being built in California by growers who have been impressed with its per- formance during the past year. It is suitable for all varieties of fruit. Cover Crops, Tillage and Commercial Fertilizers By H. Thornber, Superintendent Horticultural Substation, Corvallis, Oregon YEARS ago it was discovered that the moisture in the soil could e conserved by keeping the sur- face tilled and preventing the growth of weeds. Later when orchards were plant- ed in regions where the rainfall was not always sutlicient to mature the crop the practice of cultivating the soil to con- serve the moisture was commenced. The results were satisfactory for a few years, but various difficulties were en- countered later which threatened lo destroy many profitable orchards un- less the conditions were remedied. The soil commenced to bake, the surface to wash, and finally the trees began to fail. The soil specialists were consulted and they explained that the fault was in the system which was removing the supply of plant food and humus with- out allowing anything to be returned. To remedy this condition crops of various kinds were sown and plowed under. Soon the conditions of the soil improved and the trees resumed their normal growth and production. Later this system of orchard tillage became known as the cover-crop method of orchard cultivation, and is today recog- nized as an ideal if not the ideal method of orchard cultivation. Correctly speaking, a cover-crop is some farm crop sown about mid-sum- mer and either plowed under in the late fall or allowed to remain until spring when it may be plowed under before or after it has made growth. However, in the broad sense, a cover- crop may be considered as any crop grown in the orchard for the purpose of plowing under as a green manure. Cover-crops may be divided into several classes. For our purpose we may consider them as leguminous and non-leguminous according to their food storing habits. To the first group be- long the clovers, peas, vetches, etc., which gather nitrogen from the air and store it on their roots, while the second group consists of those common grains and even weeds which produce only humus when plowed under. From each of these groups single crops or combi- nations may be selected which will be suitable to any district or local conditions. At this point it might well to review a few of the benefits derived from the use of cover-rops. (1) Cover-crops di- rectly improve the physical condition of the soil and subsoil. (2) Organic matter is like at patent medicine — it is good for whatever ails the soil, but unlike a patent medicine it cannot injure any soil. (3) They help hold the snows and ruins and prevent the leaves from being blown out of the orchard. (4) They serve as a protection to the tree roots from frost. (.">) They use up the soluble plant food in the fall and hence prevent its loss through drainage, (lit They render plant food available by their growth and root action. (7) They make cultivation and irrigation easier and more effective. ( o' ) Leguminous cover-crops actually add nitrogen to the soil. (9) They cause early ripening of the trees which in turn prevents winter injury, (til) They prevent ero- sion on steep orchard lands. Continued on page 20. Page 6 BETTER FRUIT August, 1920 The Northwest's Orchard Supplies The Northwest Standard The ladder chosen by orehardists throughout the United States, because it is light and well constructed. Bastian Straight Primer Why waste your time with an old- style pruner, when you can use the Bastian and prune your trees with ease in one-half the time? Sold for less money than any other pruner on the market, considering quality and workmanship. Eagle Brand Ladder A handy ladder where limbs are close together; 1 into tree without bruising the limbs. Sectional Pruner Bastian Sectional Take-down Prim- ers, three pruners in one, 6-9-12 feet. A few minutes will change from short to long or to medium. One Sectional will do the work for a fair sized orchard. Put up in 42-inch length cartons. Can be mailed by parcel post. CONNECTING l£FT PRUNER Barnett Picking Pails No bruised fruit when you use the Canvas Bot- a torn Pail with sides lined. The most modern device 6 for picking fruit. Cost is small. All Northwest Ladders are made of clear spruce and well ironed, with rod under each step Ash ™ your dealer for the genuine "Northwest." Our name on each ladder. If he cannot supply you. write *"""'"« us direct. Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON AligllSt, IQ20 BETTER FRUIT Bookkeeping for the Orchardist By E. R. Sanford, Head Department of Business Training, Missoula County, Montana, High School THE experience of the majority of people who have attempted to keep farm and orchard records has not been satisfactory for several reasons, chiefly because at a busy season the records have been neglected. The person waits for a rainy day for writing up the records and the rainy days in Montana have been so few and at such long inter- vals that a great portion of the facts to be recorded have been forgotten. The effort is made, the results are dis- gusting and the book is slammed into a corner, there to remain until after the harvest. When the leisure days of winter come, you begin to speculate upon just what your year's labor has netted you, or your income tax return blank arrives to be filled in (if you are so fortunate as to have an income from an orchard which will permit you to make a return), so you dig out the old book and try again, with more or less unsatisfactory conclusions and rather poor guesses as to real conditions of your affairs. Failure often results from attempt- ing a too complicated system, in which the labor of working out the details is too great for the results secured, and I shall endeavor to give you some few points to help you establish your ac- counting system. First, it is necessary to know what resulls you want to secure, and then shape and arrange your system to fit your case. Don't buy an elaborate sys- tem and then try to live up to it and shape your career to fit the system. I will try to illustrate this point a little later. There are some steps which are necessary before you start your ac- counts, first of which is a complete inventory of your orchard and equip- ment at a fair valuation. This is your foundation. In fact, it is possible to arrive approximately at your condition by careful annual inventories with comparative analyses. Inventories once set up, it is not a difficult problem In determine what your depreciation may be from use. To illustrate, assume that you have a disc valued at $50, which under usual conditions, would last ten years, then for inventory value it will depreciate 10 per cent on original value each year for ten years, that is, $45, value second year $40, third, etc. The time to take the inventory is whenever most convenient, but it should be at practically the same date each year. Some people prefer the first of the year, others about March first, just before spring work begins. Your land and permanent improvements, includ- ing buildings and trees, should be included as real estate, but the costs of upkeep and operation must be kept separately. Once you have determined your in- ventories and listed them in an inven- tory book or schedule, the next item is the cash account. The best method Page 7 for handling the cash is to deposit with your bank and pay all bills by check, of course, because you then have a voucher for each payment, but it is not always convenient for the orchardisl who lives some distance from the bank to handle it in this way. However, you must form the habit of recording all items of cash received or paid out every day, say at the supper hour, or other regular time. The book in which the cash record is kept may be easily classified and arranged so as to reduce the work of making the records and at the same time secure the results desired, with no transfers to other books, this being your permanent and classified record. This is known as the columnar method, which is a cash book with any number of columns, classified by titles at the top of the various columns which makes distribution »easy, and the totals of the columns at any time will show total cash costs for the various classi- fications by months, years, days, or any manner desired. To make this more concrete I desire to show you some ruled sheets of a cash book showing how results are secured. I want the cost of prunning, spraying, Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco GMC Trucks Mr. Orchardist: "Spray the GMC Way~ Mount your horse-drawn outfit (minus the engine) on our special sub-frame and put it on a GMC % to 1-ton truck. The GMC power-take-off and engine operates the pump or not while standing or moving. The penumatic tires give the traction. The truck engine gives the power with no attention, while the pump pressure stays at 250 pounds or more. Loosen four bolts and a chain and you can detach the spray outfit and put on another body. Thirty minutes' work! The GMC spray shows an actual saving of about 60% over horse operation. One more reason why the GMC model 16 is AMERICA'S STANDARD ALL-PURPOSE TRUCK Seattle Spokane ELDMDGE$ffiSALES(D Yakima Walla Walla GMC ON A TRUCK IS LIKE USA ON A BOND k'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page S BETTER FRUIT August, 1920 1 s. a 3 U >. c. SB > n 3i — d s.5 3-3 .- « 0.0, c > Apples 1500- 2 men 4 day 30 1 3 times 3 day 42.40 119.12 45.41 | 1000 boxes | ! 159.60 | | Picking 1 1 1 90.00 | | Packing 60.55 Hauling Totals 30 42.40 119.12 45.41 159.60 150.55 77.55 77.55 21.63 21. C,.", Grand Totals | G4G.2C, Balance 1 I I 953.7 1 | 1600- | || | | 1600.00 cultivating and irrigating, implements and upkeep, boxes, picking and packing, delivery. Miscellaneous (such as taxes, insurance and overhead). The wide left hand space is for receipts, the right side is for payments. Special columns might be added for team feed and upkeep, or tractor, oil and gasoline. The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for any results one may desire. This anticipates a cash business. Should there be transactions which cannot be turned at once into cash, and with most of us there will be such transactions, then provision must be made for recording the items. The simplest form I can recommend to keep these records will be a sheet or book which we may call the "charge," or customer's, record, where the custom- er's name will appear for the articles charged to him. This will require an- other record to group the various charges to each individual under one heading. A credit, or purchase sheet may be used with the same rulings as the cash sheet where the name of the party is entered and the items of cost distributed to their respective columns. The totals of these columns on the purchase sheet must be combined with those of the cash sheet to show total cost of operating. Assuming you have now kept com- plete records for a year, we are con- cerned with determining our present financial condition. 1917 1918 1919 of the columns on the cash sheet. Our net increase or decrease in operation will be found by adding our cash in- come and sales on account, and deduct- ing the cash operating costs, the oper- ating purchases on account together with any depreciation in equipment shown on the inventory sheet. To illustrate, assume that at the first of the year you started with real estate valued at $2,500 and equipment of $500. Your worth at beginning is $3,000. At the end of the year your inventory shows real estate valued at $2,500, im- plements $500 less $50 depreciation. Your cash sales were $1,600 and your sales on account were $400. Your pur- chases on account were $100 for repairs, upkeep, etc. Then we are worth today in real estate $2,500, equipment $450, personal accounts $400, cash $953.74 — total assets $4,303.74, minus the liabil- ities, $100, or $4,203.74. Our income was $1,600, our cash operating costs $646.20. Our net increase is the total sales ($1,600 our cash plus $400) $2,000, minus the cost of operation ($646.26 cash plus $100 on account) $746.26 and depreciation ($50, or $796.26), leaving $1,203.74. This increase, when added to our original worth, $3,000, equals our present worth as found above, $4,203.74. This I would suggest, that you keep some sort of graph, or picture, of your operations which can be adjusted each year but which shows at a glance what progress is being made. See the following: 1920 1921 1922 1923 $2000 $1500 $1000 $ 500 ^-^ ^^l Two problems present themselves: First, what are our assets, our liabilities, and what is our present worth? Second, what has been our income, our cost of operation, and our net increase or de- crease in operation? Problem one, our present worth, will be our present inventories, the personal accounts and notes due us, and our balance of cash, minus the debts and notes we owe. Problem two, income will be the total receipts, and our cash-operating costs will be the sum of the various footings I want to reiterate that the most im- portant thing is for you to make the record; that is where most of us fail. I know one man who is keepiag a record of his work, who does it on a calendar. Well, that is all right; I don't care what you use for your book account; he writes it there, and at the end of the month he turns to this sheet and groups these items together, transferring to permanent sheets. If you want to keep books that way, it gives fairly good re- sults — you have your record, anyway, at the end of the year, and that is important. The time to do this posting, I suppose, for most of us, is along about the sup- per hour, when the day's work is over; record what you have for the day's business. Most of these men who are working for the horticultural office here, who have to go out and do field work, must make a record and report, so why can't we all do it? The end of the day's work is the usual time. Let us try to mark the day's report some- where — on the calendar, or wherever most convenient — and then, when you get the totals at the end of the month or year, it is very simple to figure up and determine where vou stand. UNQUESTIONABLY ! /*P* Freight prepaid ^.OO P. L. CHERRY CO., Building Materials 271 Hawthorne Avenue, Portland, Oregon r ke utmost power value Pure throughout, dependable always, Red Crown gasoline gives the utmost power-value. It is made to meet the requirements of your engine. Look for the "Red Crown" sign before you fill. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) jhe Gasoline of Quality How to Save Your Fruits at Ripening Time There is no process known equal to canning and no better sellers than canned fruits and vegetables. We build canning outfits and plants to meet the requirements of the small and large growers— Hand and Belt Power Double Seamers for sealing sanitary cans. Write for Catalog C, Dept. T. Henninger & Ayes Manufacturing Co. If it's used in canning, we set! it. Portland, Oregon, U. S. A. I'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT and to the contents, 850,000, fully covered by insurance. The Yakima Valley Fruit Grower's Associ- ation has announced the closing of its 1919 Winesap pool. According to the records, 200,223 boxes were shipped bringing a net return of S2.06 per box to members. Frost proof apple warehouses at Grant Or- chards, the Soap Lake station of the Great Northern Railway, 120 miles west of Spokane, and at Dalton, 40 miles east of this city, are announced by Charles J. Webb of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company. Each will be 100x50 feet, with the second story for packing pur- poses and a receiving shed, fifty by fifty feet at one end. The storage capacity will be 35,000 boxes of apples, or forty carloads. At Meyers Falls, residents have decided to erect a frost-proof warehouse fifty by one hundred feet. Yakima cherry growers are now beginning to check upon the the season's profits and find that, though the crop was light, higher prices more than made up for lack of quantity. Many growers made over $1,000 an acre. W. \V. Scott, of Lower Naches, got $3,000 gross for cherries from about 200 trees, which were planted on less than two acres; John Hamberg got $1365 an acre from two acres of Bings. He reports the record of 17 cents a pound for his fruit. Lee Booth, Nob Hill, from four acres of comparatively young trees $1,385. The first apple shipment from the lower Yakima Valley was made by the Grandview Fruit & Storage Company. The apples were grown by S. C Loop. The Spokane Valley Growers' union will begin work at once on a $50,000 addition which will double the capacity of the plant at Op- portunity and make it possible to handle 300,000 boxes of apples in 60 days this fall, according to Edward Pierce, manager. Spokane business men and others connected with the cider making industry there are being interested in the establishment of a plant near the city for manufacturing apple cider by a new vacuum process of condensing recently patented and put in operation. The process is said to be a big advance over the methods heretofore used in this industry. O. H. Feil- berg of the Spokane Cider Company, is chiefly interested in the new project and states that the company, when formed, will build a plant to cost $25,000 for the building and machinery. A dryer for the pomace will be installed in the plant and the by-product sold for cattle feed and the peels and cores for jelly-making. A fruit warehouse, costing $50,000, will be erected at Fairfield, Wash., by the Palouse Fruit Growers' corporation, according to J. R. Wilson, treasurer and manager. From reports of individual growers it is thought that unless something unforeseen hap- pens at least 300,000 boxes will be harvested in the Deer Park orchard section northwest of Spokane. Evidence is clear, it is stated, that smudging saved the crop. While there are a few isolated instances of a fair crop in the unsmudged areas, there will be nothing like a full yield. In the sections where the smoke screen was resorted to the trees are loaded with fruit. IDAHO. Ninety per cent of the cherry crop in the Emmett section is signed up in the Emmett Cherry Growers' association, which was or- ganized this season under the auspices of the Gem county farm bureau. Y'ields from two Ada County fields treated with sulphur and land plaster have been measured and a substantial increase in crops was reported. A field treated with land plaster showed a yield of 10.69 tons of green hay, while a similar field, untreated, yielded only 6.76 tons. Treatment with sulphur resulted in a yield of 10.37 tons, as compared with 8.3C on untreated land. Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco August, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 Several residents of the Lewiston Orchards community in Nez Perce County have used humus-making crops this season. The best of these is that of T. B. Gano, which consists of 10 acres of Bengalia field peas sowed at the rate of about 100 pounds to the acre. It is expected that a considerable acreage of hairy vetch will be sown this fall for a cover crop. The Idaho prune crop is reported to give promise of being the largest in the history of the state. What They Are Doing in California The prices fixed for canning pears by the California Pear Growers' Association for this year are $100 per ton for first grade and 585 per ton for second grade fruit. These prices are .$15 per ton higher than those of last year. A short crop generally throughout the Coast region is given as the cause for the increase in prices. Although plums, apricots and prunes were hurt in some localities in California by recent hot weather the damage to these crops as a whole is said to have been slight. Raisin and table grapes were more seriously affected. A car of early peaches and plums was recently sold in the East for $4,107 gross. This is said to be the highest price ever paid for these varieties of fruits to California growers. The Sunsweet Standard, the official organ of the' California Prune & Apricot Growers Association says that an opinion was reached recently at a meeting of the board of directors that a fair price for drying prunes will be $12 per green ton and for apricots $21 per green ton, together with the pits. These prices are made to establish a basis for those who dry these fruits for others. On account of the fact that oranges in some sections of California are dropping heavily it is announced that it will be several weeks before an accurate forecast of the new crop can be given. The drop has continued later than usual and is spotted, being much heavier in some districts lhan others. The Southern Pacific is urging California fruit shippers to load cars to the maximum. The company states that the cars will stand a considerably heavier load than is now being placed in them although the tonnage has been increased by more than two tons per car. By this action and greater promptness in loading and unloading it is hoped to give shippers a much better service. Apricot growers who are members of the California Prune and Apricot Growers' Inc., the statewide cooperative selling association which claims to market 75 per cent of the prunes and apricots produced in California, will be paid from 18 cents to 33 cents a pound for their 1920 crop of dried apricots, according to prices recently named by the board of direc- tors of the association. Though the tremendous export demand, which so strongly influenced last year's high prices has completely col- lapsed, according to H. G. Coykendall, general manager of the association, the association has been able to name a slightly higher average price for this year's dried apricots than last year. Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruitgrowing An apple crop report on the state of Wash- ington, compiled by G. S. Ray of Spokane, agricultural statistician of the bureau of crop estimates, says that dropping from a condition of 85 per cent of normal on June 1 to 70 per cent of normal on July 1, the apple crop of Washington promises to be 15,217,000 bushels, as compared with the June 1 forecast of 17,056,000 bushels and the 1919 production of 19,136,000 bushels. This year the United States is expected to produce 200,421,000 bushels of apples, based on July 1 conditions, while last year's crop total- ed 144,429,000 bushels. The average condition of apples for the entire country dropped from 79.3 per cent of normal on June 1 to 70.7 per cent on July 1. Fruit growers who have motor trucks or who are intending purchasing will be inter- ested in the announcement that the Interna- tional Motor Truck has just secured a site for like our Winter Nelis in every way — is very the erection of the largest motor truck plant in the world. The site of the new plant will be located at Fort Wayne, Indiana, and com- prises 140 acres of land. The buildings of the new plant, it is stated will embody the im- provements of every important modern auto- mobile and motor truck plant in the United States. The company says that in doing this that it plans frankly to take advantage of other people's experience in building for manufacture on a large scale, with the motive in view of manufacturing the best truck in the world. E. F. Benson, commissioner of the Depart- ment of Agriculture for the state of Washing- ton, who recently visited the orchards in New- Zealand in a letter to the agricultural bulletin says : ''Thirty-seven thousand acres now in fruit, with only one million people here, means that much will be exported, especially as thousands of acres of new orchards are being planted. Some of the fruit will compete with ours every- where. I never tasted better Delicious apples than those grown in Hawkes Bay district and we are told that is not the best fruit district in the Dominion. In the Canterbury district we had Cornice pears that should top any market in the world. The Winter Cole — much BRUISING one apple. Spout is 5 muslin, 18 feet lo Basket and Stem* uttinu ..r Separator of 10 gauge w Price $2.50. 2 poles, i; feet lon>r, connected pipe sti J.&H.G00DWIN,Ltd Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets You can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, and on the Euro- pean Continent. This means quick handling, considerable economies and the fruit being sold in the freshest possible condition, which means greater returns. For dependable export information write or wire us at 60 State St., Boston, Mass. or 97 Warren St., New York City.. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT August, 1920 good, too. The Jonathan apples are most in evidence now. We think the tlavor not quite equal to ours but it may well be that from some other district they may fully equal our best. They have all the pests we have and not as cold winters or as hot summers to help fight them, but the best skill is being used in mastering all their horticultural difficulties." According to English apple exporters who have looked the situation over the market for American apples in Great Britain this year should show considerable improvement. Rep- resentatives of several of these firms who have been on the Coast express the opinion that the high prices which are obtained for Ameri- can fruit in England will result in marketing "Yours for Real Tobacco" says the Good Judge Men are getting away from the big chew idea. They find more satisfac- tion in a little of the Real Tobacco Chew than they ever got from a big chew of the ordinary kind. Costs you less, too — the full, rich tobacco taste lasts so much longer. Any man who uses the Real Tobacco Chew will tell you that. Put up in two styles RIGHT CUT is a short-cut tobacco W-B CUT is a long fine-cut tobacco Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: Ladders Box Presses Packing Chairs Box-Making Benches Automatic Elevators Gravity and Power Conveyors Potato Graders and Sizers Price Fruit Sorters and Sizers Nelson Fruit Sorters and Sizers Price "Price Products" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated booklet and price list on request. PRICE MANUFACTURING CO., Inc. Yakima, Washington And All Kinds of Special Equipment a greater quantity of better quality fruit there leaving the inferior stuff to be marketed at home. Fearing an unprecedented car shortage apple growers in the east are reported to be taking steps to market a good deal of their fruit by motor truck lines. In many of these sections where the hauls are comparatively short it is believed that the ship by truck movement will work out very successfully. Cannery Notes The Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association recently acquired possession of the cannery and packing plant located at Sutherlin. The plant is a large one and in addition to the cannery is equipped with a prune drying and packing outfit, a juice plant and a lime-sul- phur manufacturing plant. The association is also building driers and packing plants at Carlton, Forest Grove. Riddle, Myrtle Creek and Sheridan. At Eugene where the plant of the Eugene Fruit Growers Association is located which is affilitated with the Oregon Growers' Association, the Eugene establishment has been greatly enlarged and is now one of the most complete in the Northwest. The cannery of the Montesano Packing Com- pany was opened recently for the season. The establishment expects to put up 4,000 cases of beans this year. A cherry grower living at The Dalles, Oregon is reported to have marketed one motor truck load of cherries at a cannery there this year for which he received $900. The Silverton Canning Company, of Silver- ton, Oregon, is ready for operation. The plant of the company is a new one and is equipped to handle all kinds of fruits. The Hillsboro Canning Company, of Hills- boro, Oregon, which has put its establishment into running condition at a cost of $150,000 now has a plant that covers a space of ground 368 by 80 feet. The plant is equipped to handle a very large tonnage and expects to put up 30,000 cases of fruits this year. The American Can Company has purchased a large building site in the manufacturing dis- trict of Portland, Oregon, and is preparing to erect a $1,500,000 factory in that city. The building will be 89 feet wide by over 400 feet long, three stories high and will be con- structed of reinforced concrete. The erection of the plant in Portland is due to the heavy demand for cans for canning purposes that has developed in the Northwest during the past two years. Two new canneries in Skagit County, Wash- ington, began opeiating this month. These are the Burlington Cannery Company, at Burling- ton, and the Skagit Canning Company at Sedro Wooley. A general line of fruits and berries will be canned by both and the cannery at Sedro Wooley expects to utilize both beets and string beans in addition. Both plants have gone to considerable expense to have their equipments modern in every detail. In addi- tion to the above, the W. H. Pride Company, of Bellingham, and the Everett Fruit Products Company, of Everett, Washington, expect to buy considerable fruit in Skagit County and ship to their respective canneries. That the inspection work recently started by the National Canners Association will be a great thing, not only for the canning industry in Oregon, but also for the housewives, is the opinion of Ernest H. Weigand, of the horticul- tural products department of the Oregon Agricultural College, who was recently ap- pointed director of the inspection service of the association, in Oregon. A preliminary sur- vey of 10 Oregon canneries has already been made under the direction of Professor Weigand —those of New berg. McMinnville, Spring Brook, Gresham, Falls City, Lebanon, Junction City, Eugene Fruit Growers' Association, Crcswell, and Roseburg. The inspection is entirely vol- untary on the part of the canneries which pay a certain fee per case for all cases packed. These canneries agree to live up to the rules and regulations of the Inspection service, ac- cording to Professor Weigand. Eventually daily inspection will be made, adequate force being emplovcd to handle the work. AH fruit received at the phral will be inspected and the entire process of canning observed by the Inspectors. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT Make Every Minute Pay Dividends DURING these days of short working hours, high wages and unsettled labor conditions, every hour saved for. essential work is money in your pocket. Every hour you spend on the road between your farm and town represents unpro- ductive time. During your busy season someone is getting high wages for this time, or you person- ally are spending valuable time. Make every minute pay dividends. Reduce the number of hours spent on the road and increase the hours of productive farm work. You can haul your farm products to town with an International Motor Truck and haul supplies back to the farm in about one-fourth of the time that would be required with a team and wagon — a road saving of 300%. Thereby you save, during the year, many hours for necessary farm work — hours and minutes that total into days. You save money in wages, or at least make the high wages that you arc paying someone pay you greater returns. International Motor Trucks are made in nine sizes, from 3+ ton to 3>£ton— a size and style for every hauling requirement. A letter or post-card to the address below will bring complete information descrip- tive of these low-cost hauling units that make every minute pay dividends. International Harvester company OF AMERICA Billings, Mont. Chey Los Angeles, Cal. ne, Wyo. Denver. Colo. Helen Portland, Ore. Salt Lake City, Ut co. Cal. Spokane, Wash. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 28 BETTER FRUIT August, ipso Classified Advertisements I" RATE, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK. ITALIAN PRUNE TREES. Cleaning up at wholesale price. State quantity and grades wanted. Don't delay. Only few more thousand to offer. Grafted walnuts, filberts, fruit trees, loganberries, raspberries, rhubarb, etc. LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., Lafayette, Oregon. ORIENTAL FLOWERING PLANT — Japanese Fire flowering plant, beautiful ornamental foliage, bright red flowers, imported by grower, 10c package postpaid. J. A. Bean, East Seattle, Washington. MISCELLANEOUS. CONSULTING HORTICULTURIST Professor W. S. Thornber, formerly head of the Department of Horticulture and Land- scape Gardening and later director of Ex- tension Service of the State College of Wash- ington, will advise with fruit growers upon all horticultural problems. If your orchard has not been a financial success and you wish to determine its possibilities or you wish to improve your orchard, reduce your losses and increase your returns, I will assist you in working out your problem. Write for terms. W. S. Thornber, Lewiston, Idaho. THE VIRGINIA FRUIT SIZER— Make It your- self for twenty dollars. Now used by col- leges and railroads for educational work. Simple, durable, accurate. Blueprints, pack- ing pamphlet and construction booklet for five dollars. Growers say best yet invented. Money back if dissatisfied. Sizes apples, pears, peaches, oranges. G. C. Starcher, Auburn, Alabama. TRESPASS SIGNS. Don*t allow trespassers to destroy your property. Our big waterproof and sunproof "No Trespassing" signs will keep out tres- passers. Send $1 for six signs, size 11x14 inches. Twelve for $1.75. Sent postpaid. Out West Supply Company, Portland, Oregon. PRACTICAL UP-TO-DATE ORCHARDIST, twenty years' extensive experience in irri- gated Northwest, most efficient workman, wants position with some large orchard com- pany, season 1921, must be convenient to good school. Address B, care Better Fruit. FARMS FOR SALE. A GREAT BARGAIN Mira-Monte Orchords; 80 acres; 10 acres in 11-year-old Delicious and King David apples. 4-room bungalow, barn, fine well, tank tower and pumping plant; 6 miles north Lyle, Washington; good road; magni- ficent view. Estimated crop, 2500 boxes. Price $10,000. Address owner, P. S. Malcolm 214 Failing Bldg., Portland, Oregon. HOOD RIVER HOMES Orchard properties at reasonable prices. Strawberry and farm land. Choice small homesite tracts. Excellent city residences. Famous Hood River Valley — the home of at- tractive homes. Hood River Abstract & In- vestment Co., Hood River, Oregon. FOR SALE— Ten and one-half acres of com- mercial orchard, lots 9 and 10, block 57, Lewiston Orchards. Seven acres in seven- year old apple trees, selected commercial varieties; three and one-half acres in cher- ries. In good condition; ideally situated near paved road; centralized school, church, and six miles from Lewiston, Idaho. Pipe line irrigation, fully equipped. $8500. Dis- count for cash. David Olson, Kent, Ohio. CUT-OVER LANDS. 23 miles north of Spokane, rich bottom lands, good for dairying and general farm- ing, no irrigation, plenty of running water, free lumber, 10 years' time, 6 per cent. Call or write Deer Park Lumber Company, Deer Park, Washington, or 109 Stevens Streets, Spokane, Washington. CUT-OVER AND DEVELOPED LANDS, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables, hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre. Ten years time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Company, Elk, Washington. FOR SALE: — 27-acre Idaho apple orchard, 7 years old; alfalfa between rows; water right. $500 per acre. Write Box 694, Welser, Idaho. CONSULTING HORTICULTURIST PROFESSOR W. S. THORNBER Formerly HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING Later DIRECTOR OF THE EXTENSION SERVICE OF THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON WILL ADVISE with fruit-growers upon all horticultural problems, including selection and preparation of orchard lands; propagation and care of nursery stock; planting and care of young orchards and small fruit plantations; the control of codling moth, San Jose scale, blight and other orchard pests; the preparation of lime-sulphur at home and the mixing of other sprays; economical orchard management; the irrigation and fertilization of orchard lands; the use of cover-crops and grass mulches; the pruning of fruit trees, shade trees, shrubs, bushes and vines; the renovation of old or neglected orchards, top- working or replacing of poor or unprofitable trees, and the examining and the working out of practical management plans for large orchards and orchard companies. If your orchard has not been a financial success, and you wish to determine its possibilities or you wish to improve your orchard, reduce your losses and increase your returns I will assist you in working out your problem. WRITE FOR TERMS W. S. THORNBER LEWISTON, IDAHO = r ,rmittni iiiiiiriiiiitiiiiiliiiniiiiiiiilliiiHiiiimiiiiiiiiwjiiitiiHiniiiiiiiuiniiHiitiiimiBnunnHiiiiMHinnMiuiniiuiiiuiiHMBiiuMHiiiitaiitHnujiuiirtiuiiuuiuiiiinul 3 jiiiiiioiimiiminMiiiiiiiaiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiHiiuiiiniiuiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiuiiiiiiiaiS SALESMEN WANTED. MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a com- mission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid territory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERIES 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco ORCHARD. COMPLETELY equipped superior orchard prop- erty for sale in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Sixty-three acres in bearing peach and apple. Address Owners, care Better Fruit Publish- ing Company, Portland, Oregon. JWTH " Saves alfalfa. Exper al stations approve, louo tablets P. P. $1.50. Warranted. Ask your druggi; Fruit trees budded from bearing orrh ards Apple. Pear. Cherry, Pei Prune. Aprimt. Quince. Grape Vines, i Shrubbery. Plants. Raspberries. Black berries, Logans. Dewberries , Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. R Vines. Hedge. Nut and Shade Trees, Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed, WASHINGTON NURSERY CO WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Upg«^ THE WORLD- ^^fiSJ ji^j* 0UR ORCHARD ^B & Kelly NEW YORK UNQUESTIONABLY THE n?)T Important Fd(T able and give splendid wear. The heel is popular Cuban model. Sizes 2H to 8. Just compare with shoes at $7.50 and J8.00. and then you will realizewhat an unparaNeled offering this is ^•-•; at our bargain price of only $3.9S. No money. Pay the special price. $3.98. lor the ^«£ shoes on arrival. Examine them, try them on. and if not aB elegant as you expect, fgSk&k if not just what you want, return them and we will refund your money. ^nl Stylish Dress Shoe Special bargain to close out a limited stock of these smart Dress | Shoes. Act quickly if you want a pair. Made in classy lace blucherf style. Splendid quality calf uppers. Splendid solid leather soles | and heels. Come in black only. At our price these shoes chal- lenge competition. Make your own decision after you exam- ine and try them on. Sent absolutely on approval. You,, must see them to appreciate the fine quality of material, workmanship and astonishing bargain value. No/ money with order. Pay only $3-98 for shoes on arrival. And that returned if you don'f keep the shoes. Mark an X in □ by T' AX15106 in coupon. Be sure to give size wanted. Mark X in the D by No. AX999 coupon. Payonly $3.98foj-sh noC satisfactory send th arrival. If k and we willrefund money. Keepyour money until the shoes Not a cent to pay now." Sent direct to your home on approval. Then let the shoes themselves convince you of their great bargain value or return them and get your money back. This is the modern, sensible way to buy— the way thousands are buying their shoes today direct from us— getting satisfaction— Baving money. Fill out the cou- pon and send it now— today. Mark X in the D to show which shoe to send. Give your size. tyow Is the Time to Order Of course there will be & flood of orders from this ad. The stock will not last long. No wise buyer is going to hesi- tate onthiaoffer. Somake this selection now. Re- member, no risk to you. We send the shoes on approval — SO you have nothing to der •-*" j of Leonard-Morton & Co. Dept.7164 Chicago, Illinois y A Send coupon TODAY /'Leonard-Morton & Co. Dept. 7164 Chicago, III. nee tne shoes which I have □ below. I wili pay price „™ arrival with the understand- ing that if I do not want to keep them I n return them— vou will refund wyxnoaey. /b Work Shoes No. AX1806S - S3.98 .' D Hi-Cut Shoes N i. . D Dress Shoes No. AX16106 /*. 1EN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 1 IbjcheiL Extra Room and Comfort in each New Mitchell Model New body design gives roominess You can judge car comfort largely by whether they are roomy or crowded. For this decides whether there is a gen- erous or skimpy policy behind the car. Mitchell models typify Mitchell poli- cies. They are extra roomy, extra com- fortable. The Mitchell Touring Car seats six instead of five. The Road- ster seats three instead of two. The Sedan seats six instead of five. The Coupe seats four instead of three. This is due to designing and building our own bodies. We can afford to put in extras because we do not have to pay profits to outside builders. You get that money. Make a thorough examination Generous proportioning is evident throughout all New Mitchells, in the chassis as well as in the body. Ask a Mitchell dealer to point them out. You can never know the real worth of this car until you examine it and contrast it with other cars of the same price or more. Where can you find a car offering so much at these prices : six passenger Touring Car, $1750; six passenger Sedan, $2,900; four passenger Coupe, $2,800; three passenger Roadster, $1750. F. o. b. Racine, Wis. Before you decide upon your car, just make a comparison. MITCHELL MOTORS COMPANY, Inc. RACINE, WISCONSIN $1750 $1750 PRICES F. O. B. RACINE, WISCONSIN Mitchell Motor Cars distributed in The Pacific Northwest by Also sold by the leading dealers in nearly every town in the Pacific Northwest Portland and Spokane Seattle Dealers, Mitchell Motors & Service Co. Tacoma Dealers, Puget Sound Motors Co. .ITING ADVERTISERS M ON BETTER FRUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 FREE FLO" Our Service Means Complete Satisfaction U It Pays to Trade with Wells & Wade IRRIGATION VALVES These valves were designed to meet the requirements in irrigated sections where an even distribution of water is to be maintained and are so constructed that the water has an unobstructed flow through the pipe to the discharge opening. In opening these valves to the full capacity, there is absolutely no obstruction to interfere with the free flow of the water, and if the pipe should become filled with trash, the cap can be screwed off the valve and the obstruction removed without any difficulty. With the opening in the cap of the valve, the discharge can be thrown in any direction, or, in other words, at any degree of the circle surrounding the pipe. This enables the operator to run one or two streams, as desired, continuously day or night. The valve comes in two separate parts. The male part of the valve, or adapter, can be dispensed with entirely by cutting longer thread on the standpipes. In other words, the cap will make a complete valve and is one-piece only. Valves are made in two patterns, "Single Stream" and "Bi-Stream," in both %-inch and 1-inch sizes. This valve is so clearly designed for efficiency and its price being less than more widely advertised valves of less capacity, we believe that in presenting this to the fruit growers in the Northwest that it is bound to meet with success in every locality, as has been accorded it in the Wenatchee Valley. PRICES F.O.B. WENATCHEE, WASHINGTON: Bi-Stream Valve Caps only, size Bi-Stream "Free-Flo" Irrigating 7Kp Valves, size % inch, each ' ***- Bi-Stream "Free-Flo" Irrigating QAp Valves, size 1 inch, each rv\. Single Stream "Free-Flo" Irriga- AKf ting Valves, size % inch. each. ""«- Single Stream "Free-Flo" Irriga- ting Valves, size 1 inch. each. . Bi-Stream Valve Caps only, size % inch, each 80c 50c inch, each. Single Stream Valve Caps only, size % inch, each Single Stream Valve Caps only, size 1 inch, each Male Adapters, % inch, each Male Adapters, 1 inch, each The "4 W" Canvas Picking Bag Most Durable Bag on the Market Here is a picking bag that will stand up season after season without repair. The canvas used is extra heavy, 12-ounce duck. Steel frame at top of bag is "form-fitting" — makes the bag fit snugly to the person at the proper angle. Frame is leather covered. The web straps are extra heavy and the hooks and buckles are the very best obtainable. Allows Fruit Picker Absolute Freedom The web straps are fastened to the frame at points where absolute freedom in fruit- picking is assured. Fruit men will speed up the efficiency of their "picking crew" with these bags. Capacity is one full box. There is not a weak point in the manufac- ture or pattern of this "4W" picking bag. Have one sent to you for a sample before placing a larger order. Price $3.50 (5% discount for cash with order.) Complete Line of General Orchard Supplies We have made a specialty of Orchard Supplies and Packing House Equipment. Our lines represent the most complete and essential appliances in the Northwest. Our consulting engineers will be glad to be of "service" in helping you with installations or plans. For complete information of supplies listed below write to Dept. G, Wells & Wade, Wenatchee, Washington. "EW1NG" ORCHARD LADDER Per foot $ .75 "SUCCESS" BOX LID PRESS 75.00 PARKER NAIL STRIPPER 6.50 PARKER FIVE-RUN NAIL STRIPPER 12-EO "CLARKS" BOX HATCH ETS 3.00 APPLE BOX ELEVATORS— CONVEYORS— TRANSVEYORS— BOX MAKING BENCH ES— "TOSCH" BOX PRESS— "TOSCH" STAMPING MACHINE— % BOX TRUCKS— FRUIT WRAPS— BOX NAI LS— SPECIAL CRATE OPENERS— BOX FASTENERS LABEL PASTE— In fact, EVERYTHING In the Orchard Supply Line. Sudden Service given on Special Shipments. Try us. WELLS & WADE w^hSS ADVERTISERS BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT EDITOR: W. H. WALTON STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist : O. M. Morris. Horticulturist. Pullman. COLORADO — C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist: E. B House. Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— F. J. Crider. Horticulturist, Tucson. .MONTANA— H. Thornber. Victor. CALIFORNIA — C. W. Wooduorth, Entomologist. Berke- ley; W. H. Volek, Entomologist, Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson. Pathologist. Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $2.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $3.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoflice at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XV Portland, Oregon, September, 1920 Number 3 Practical Hints on Packing Apples and Pears GRADING apples is so closely re- lated to packing that where it is possible a long step toward quicker methods of grading can be had by having the pickers do some of the grading in the orchard. This is possible where pickers are paid by the day, instead of by the box. Grading can then begin with the picking of the fruit from the trees. Pickers, after having taken the fruit from the trees into pails, bags or other receptacles, should be required to empty them into the apple boxes, which are to be taken to the places for storing, not by pouring, but by hand, and then as though each fruit was an egg. During this transfer the picker could look for fruits badly blemished, and place them in boxes, in order that they may be gathered and disposed of as conditions require later. The fruit so assorted may then be stored in the place for receiving them, and left until such time as the owner is desirous of packing, at which time it could be carefully as- sorted in readiness for the packers. In building a packing house, the opening between the storing room and packing shed should be made in the center of the side of the storing room, and not in the end of the building. By using the proper and most com- plete packing table all the materials needed in packing may be readily at hand and save considerable loss of the packer's time in waiting to be sup- plied with same. The packing tables should be equipped with proper and handy places for lining paper, layer board, wrapping paper, etc., and so arranged that the packer may have three different sizes before him at one time. For instance, while packer No. 1 is packing, say, 72, 112 and 125, packer No. 2 may utilize the three probable other sizes that No. 1 cannot then use— 80, 88 and 96. As packer No. 1 completes one of his numbers he has but to notice the size about completed by No. 2, and if the con- tents of the tables used by No. 1 and No. 2 show a sufficient quantity of the sized apples used by No. 2 in com- pleting his nearly finished box, No. 1 may then commence a box of the same size. In this way all the sizes may be kept cleaned from the tables By An Experienced Packer and a packing of the different sizes distributed to each packer in proper turn. Of course the most important feature of a successful packing crew is a perfect system. A complete sys- tem cannot be brought about by proper fixtures alone. In fact some very inconvenient packing sheds have, with careful thought of the foreman, brought out a system seemingly im- possible to attain. Packing is the classification of fruits into their proper sizes by plac- ing the fruits of the same size solidly into boxes in such a manner as to insure uniformity of appearance, neat- ness and protection from bruising. The purpose of careful packing is to make the box of fruit attractive as possible, and thereby receive the highest possible price for it. There were a number of different systems of packing in boxes followed on the Pacific Coast for a number of years, and this has brought about the adoption of a system that allows the packing of every size or shape of apple grown neatly and solidly in one sized box, the Northwest Standard (10%xll%xl8, inside measurement, containing 2,176 cubic inches). At this point I wish to warn the purchaser of boxes against improperly made boxes, for there is nothing so distasteful to the trade as a poorly manufactured box. Do not buy apple boxes with heads less than three- fourth inch in thickness. Do not buy boxes with sides less than three- eighths inch in thickness. Do not buy boxes with top and bottom board thicker than one-fourth inch, for these must be thin and springy. Do not buy boxes, unless the top consists of two pieces and the bottom of two pieces, with two cleats each for top and bottom. Do not use sides made of two pieces, even though tongued and groved, for they are much weaker than single-piece material of the same thickness, and when a box is tightly packed will bulge, and as apple boxes should always be handled on the sides, when so handled will undoubt- edly damage the fruit. This is also the reason for insisting on lull three- eighths-inch thickness in these pieces. In packing apples, the size of the apple is invariably determined by the diameter of the apple from cheek to cheek at the widest point, never from stem to blosSom, hence the reason why an apple should never be placed stem or blossom-end toward the sides of the box. Hardly an apple is abso- lutely circular in shape at its greatest cheek circumference, and it is here that the packer may take advantage of this irregularity in packing Ben Davis apples, one of the most difficult of apples to pack, for the reason that they are about the same distance from stem to blossom as from cheek to cheek, and will not, when turned, have brought about the results usually attained by turning in this manner. However, as before stated, if the packer will carefully save for the end of the boxes those in even a slight degree irregular and place at the ends so as to keep the apples lowest where they will not prove too high, and by the use of the more nearly circular ones through the cen- ter, a beautiful crown may be brought about. In packing a two-two pack, start by placing one apple in the lower left- hand corner and the other in the cen- ter of the space left from the cheek of the apple placed in the corner to the opposite side of the box. This will leave a space on each side of the apple last placed of equal width. Settle firmly back into the spaces then left two more apples in exactly the same relatives position on the other side of the box. Continue this until the opposite end of the box is reached, where there will be a space which, by a firm pressure downward and toward the packer, will enlarge the space sufficiently to permit of the last two apples being fitted snugly into place and at the same time take all of the extra slack out of the layer. Begin the second layer by placing the first two apples into the two little pockets formed by the spaces and the first four apples in the first layer, and continue to the end of the box as in the first layer, ending up with last two apples in the pockets similar to those at the beginning of the second layer. Continue to build up the third and fourth layers in the same way as the first and second, always placing the apple in the pockets formed and Page 4 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 nercial pack of apples showing the fruit wrapped and unwrapped for exhibition purposes. never directly over the cheek of the apple below (except, of course, where necessary in the straight pack, which is as little used as possible, as it is very likely to bruise the fruit and cre- ate a blemish). Oftentimes, in order to keep the start with two apples placed in the pockets formed by the first five ap- ples and space. Continue this until the box is completed. Pear Packs. Pears are usually packed out in two grades designated as fancy and "C" grade and are packed in the standard pear box, 8Y 2 inches deep, 11% inches wide and 18 inches long inside measurement. The outside length of the box should be 19% inches. The packed boxes should weigh from 50 to 51 pounds gross. In grading pears the fancy grade should consist of pears that are hand- picked, clean, sound and free from insect pests, sunscald, scab, scale or other diseases, worm holes, stings, broken skin, bruised, or evidence of frost by russetting, rough handling or Never allow the apples in the rows other serious defects, excepting rus- setting covering a total area not ex- ceeding one inch in diameter, except- ing it be upon varieties which are naturally russetted more or less. Slightly misshapen or slightly rubbed fruit may be admitted to this grade. to be loose from side to side of the box. This does not mean that they should be forced in so tight as to bulge the sides, but just tight enough that there will not be a space the thickness of a sheet of paper between two-two pack from coming too high them. Make the apples fit snugly " c " grade pears consist of all fruit at the ends of the box on sizes rang- across the box. The next greatest which does not meet the requirements ing from 41 to 72, inclusive, particu- fault is not keeping the size of all OI ,ne fancy grade as to blemishes larly on the larger of these sizes, it the apples the same in each box. If and deformities, but which in every is necessary, because of the length of you do not have the size of apple on wav is sound and merchantable and the apple, to turn all the layers of the table that you are packing in the free from disease, the box so that the apples are either box either wait for more of the * n defining the regulations for proper size or start the size you have packing pears, the Washington state on the table in another box. grading rules state that the term Among other points for the be- "properly packed" shall refer to the ginner or the improperly taught to re- arrangement and the amount of pears member is never to load the packing in eac h box. Pears to be properly table with too many boxes of apples Packed shall be arranged in the box stem or blossom toward the top or bottom. Where apples are like the Wagener, or some of the other flat varieties it sometimes becomes neces- sary to turn a row or two at one end of each layer in order not only to lower the ends but to fill up in length at the same time. The more apples according to approved and recognized the space yet left, alternating so that an d the more sizes from which to the rows turned with the stem or choose the apple needed adds to the blossom toward the top or bottom of difficulty of choice. the box will be on layers Nos. 1 and The three-two pack is started with 3, on the end of the layer farthest three apples across the end of the from the packer. The reason for box. one in each of the corners turning in this way is that, until one nearest the packer and one in the layer is almost completed, it is hardly middle. Then place an apple in each possible to know how many rows °f the two pockets thus formed and must be turned in each layer. This can be determined as the end of the first layer is reached, and the same number turned in each succeeding layer as above stated, first at one end and then the other. The reason for alternating the turning of the apples on each layer is that, should the nearest rows on each layer and the farthest be turned and the rest on edge, it would make the ends too low and the change from turned apples to those cheeked abrupt and unsightly, besides allowing the cover to rest only against the cheeked apples, and allow an opportunity for the flat ones to become loose in the box. No definite rule can be given for turning of apples in this way other than may be determined by trial of each variety. Should more than two rows be re- quired to be turned it would either indicate that the packer was not mak- ing the rows fit snugly across the box or that the variety was decidedly flat and should be packed entirely on edge. then three in the pockets next formed until the end of the layer is finished. This layer may end three across or two across, as the case may be, de- termined by the size of the apple used. However, the next layer will methods and all boxes shall be tightly filled but the contents shall not show excessive or unnecessary bruising as a result of the pressure exerted in lidding the box. Each packed box must show a minimum bulge of one- half inch on both top and bottom. The most largely used standard pear packs are as follows: Tier Row Five 4-4 Five 5.4 Five 5-5 Five 6-5 Four 4-4 Four 5-4 Four ;,-;, Four 6-5 Style No. in Box 3-3 120 3-3 135 3-3 150 3-3 165 3-2 80 3-2 90 3-2 100 3-2 110 mercial pack of pes September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 Observations On the Evaporation of Prunes From Investigations Made by C. I. Lewis, F. R. Brown and A. F. Baras for the Oregon Agricultural College IN the evaporation of prunes certain fruit is thoroughly heated, then the aim is entirely different. We are really terms are generally used which may humidity should be gradually decreased after a cured fruit. While it may be not be well understood by growers until it is a little less than the percent- desirable so to handle the evaporator who are engaging in the work for the age of moisture desired in the finished that a high-class product may be turned first time. A brief definition of these product. It is well to have the tunnels out in the shortest time, yetwemustnot terms will probably prove helpful to thoroughly heated before the fruit is make the mistake of attempting to such people. "Drying time" is figured introduced. Some growers claim that evaporate the prunes so rapidly that from the time the fruit is placed in the they start prunes at as low a tempera- an inferior product is the result. Cer- heating chamber to the time it is re- ture as 90 to 115 degrees. We doubt, tain changes are taking place in the moved as dried fruit. "Weight per however, the wisdom of such a prac- prune during the process of evapora- bushel" refers to the number of pounds tice, for with such temperatures rapid tion. Sugar is forming rapidly and will of dried fruit from sixty pounds of fermentation of fruit may take place, do so unless the temperature is forced fresh prunes. "Size" refers to the nuni- which means a loss of sugar and a de- too high on the one hand, or allowed ber of dried prunes it takes to make a terioration of the product. Certain to remain too low, on the other. It is pound, such as 30-40's, 40-50's, etc. "Dy- molds may form at the lower tempera- very important to have all the factors ing percentage" is the relative amount ture and brown rot can work under influencing drying under the complete of dried fruit that is obtained from a such conditions. We have not carried control of the operator and influenced given amount of fresh fruit. "Dobies" on sufficient experimental work to stale as little as possible by outside condi- are prunes which dry more slowly than arbitrarily just what temperatures are tions and climatic changes, most of the fruit on the tray and have always best, but our results do show, Weather exerts a marked influence to be re-dried. "Bloaters" are prunes and our observations with many grow- on the weight of the fruit obtained from which puff up until the skin becomes ers indicate, that the temperatures we each bushel and on the drying percent- very tight so that they often explode have advised produce splendid results, age. The influence of weather is well and are worthless, examination show- It must be remembered that warm air shown in Table I. that nothing is left but skin and pit. will absorb more moisture than cold TABLE t._weight of fruit as influ- They are apt to have a burned or air; that if you have a large volume of enced by climatic conditions. scorched flavor. "Dripping" refers to hot, dry air, moisture that is given oft' We r ig hu D r y '/w an accumulation of thick sirup which from the fruit will be absorbed very car pe Lbs"' ""age ' oozes from the fruit during the process rapidly. Just how much moisture the 1911— Rainy 17.00 SHS of evaporation, generally caused by air can hold and still be of value in i9 13 _ D f^ ].:'..'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. 20^0 33^3% using unripe fruit and by improper prune drying, is a subject needing much Maximum in experimental methods of evaporation. Too high a tern- investigation. Many tunnels are so 19 ^R a f f n r y 191 . 3 ;; V ; ; ; ; | ; ; \*jfi 28.11% perature at certain stages of evaporation long that the air when it reaches the Maximum in experimental may be partly responsible. Poor ventila- end of the tunnels is practically value- A ™ a r * f f ° r r \ 9 ^ ^jkiher '. '. 17.02 ll'.lit tion is also a factor. "Sweating" refers to less for evaporating purposes, as it is Average for dry weather — 20.09 33.49% the placing of prunes in piles or bins practically saturated with moisture, and L ° ss due t0 rain y weather.. 3.07 5.12% and allowing them to remain until the giving out moisture rapidly into the The seasons of 1911 and 1914 were entire mass has a uniform moisture air tends to cool it and thus reduce the much alike. They were both rainy at content. "Sugaring" refers to the ac- moisture-holding capacity. As the the beginning of the season and strong cumulation of a white or sugary sub- prunes are nearing the time when they southwest winds prevailed. Such con- stance on the outside of the fruit, are ready to be taken from the trays, ditions are unfavorable to the evapora- "Frogs" are cured prunes which are they gradually become hot. If, how- tion of prunes. During the seasons of very much mishappen, probably due to ever, they are allowed to become too 1912 and 1913, however, almost ideal the fruit being unripe. "Processing" hot before they are really finished, the climatic conditions prevailed for good refers to the steaming of the prunes cells may rupture and leak, and drip- evaporation. The average sugar content just before they are packed in the boxes ping will take place. for 1913 was 15.28 per cent and that of for market. It is a cleansing, softening Thermometers. Much of the poor 1914, 12.45 per cent. This will account process and facilitates proper packing, work in evaporation of prunes is due for some of the difference in weight of Buildings for Evaporating Prunes. No to the fact that the grower is using a prunes, the remaining difference pro- hard fixed rules can be formulated poor thermometer. Cheap thermometers bably being due to weather conditions, which will apply in detail to all build- should not be used in prune evapora- From our investigations extending over ings used for the evaporation of prunes, tion. It would pay all growers to use a number of years, we find that there Every grower must study his own some self-recording thermometer which j s a loss ranging from five per cent to evaporator carefully, so that he may would record the temperature during the nine per cent in the drying percentage know under what conditions he can entire twenty-four hours. Such a ther- due to unfavorable weather conditions, secure certain temperatures, certain air mometer will easily indicate what hap- if climatic conditions had been such circulation, and a combination of fac- pens when the night worker goes to that the prunes had thoroughly matur- tors which will turn out a high-grade sleep, and will be an aid in explaining e d, having a very high sugar content, fruit. What might apply to one build- many of the poor results obtained. less time would have been required to ing might not to another. There are Air circulation is extremely import- dry, there being a high drying percent- certain fundamental principles, how- ant. Good air circulation and proper a g e . This is one reason why Petites ever, that apply to all buildings. For ventilation must prevail at all times. It dry more quickly than Italians; another instance, lack of ventilation or air cir- is possible to have too rapid circulation reason is because they are a smaller culation would have the same effect re- and to have the ventilators draw out fruit. Investigations will show that gardless of where the prunes are dried, the air too quickly. For example, in some years prunes contain much more The use of abnormally low, or abnorm- evaporating vegetables, it is very de- moisture than others, are less mature ally high temperatures would have the sirable to have the air move rapidly at and contain less sugar, and therefore same influence in any building, as far a relatively low temperature of about require a longer drying time, as the type of product turned out is 140 degrees. These results are obtained Moisture Content. The question is concerned. Prunes require a great deal by blowing air over steam pipes and often asked as to how much moisture of air, which should move at the rate causing it to move rapidly over the prunes should contain after they are of at least 600 feet a minute. They vegetables. Some fresh fruits should be evaporated. In our experimental work should have a starting temperature of , dried in this same way. The aim is to we have accepted seventeen per cent to about 130 to 145 degrees, and a finishing have the product when finished re- eighteen per cent as the proper moisture temperature not higherthan 160 degrees, semble, as much as possible, the undried content. In some cases it has run as A high humidity should prevail until the product. With prunes, however, the Continued on page 29. Page 6 Better Fruit's Standard All packs to go in the Northwest Standard Box- THE apple grading rules and regul- ations used in connection with the packs illustrated below are the new ones adopted for 1920 by the State Agricultural Department of Washing- ton and are largely the same as those that are used in Oregon, Idaho and Montana with slight variations in the grading. All the packs here described are for the standard apple box measur- ing 10%xliy2xl8 inches inside measure- ment. A description of all packs not illustrated can be found under the head- ing "Apple Packs." Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 88 apples BETTER FRUIT Apple Packing Chart ■lOKxll '7XI8 inches inside measurement It will be noted that we have added to our apple packing chart this year illustrations of the 200 and 225 which are what are known as straight packs and the 125 diagonal pack. The 125 pack is now being much used for long apples like the Spitzenberg, Delicious and Ort- ley. The principal changes in the grading rules are in raising the color require- ments of some of the solid red varieties and in placing some of the other va- rieties under a new classification. Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 96 apples September, 1920 How to start a 2/2 diagonal pack How to start a 3/2 diagonal pack 3/2 pack, 4^4 tier, 5 layers, 188 apples Figure 1 — 41 apples Figure 2 — 64 apples Figure 3 — 72 apples Figure 4 — 80 apples Figure 5 — 88 apples *tft Figure 6 — 96 apples S88§ rPrP WcR 6m Figure 7—104 apples Figure 8—112 apples Figure 9 — 125 apples Figure 10 — 138 apples September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page s — 1 h-^J m HO Figure 11 — 150 apples oPcPq gRjP Ftfft OOOQQ Qppcyp OOOQC oooon Figure 14 — 188 apples Figure 15 — 200 apples Figure 16 — 225 apples Apple Grading Rules — Season 1920 Extra Fancy — Extra Fancy apples are de- worm holes will not be permitted. This fined as sound", mature, clean, hand-picked, grade must be plainly marked with the word well-formed apples only, free from all insect "Unclassified." pests, diseases, blemishes, bruises and holes, COLOR REQUIREMENTS mmcWes"";. 'sgn b?ok!n rt'.to^SSftSS A PP'« *haU be admitted to the First and punctures or shin biohin at si. m, du sign Second grades, subject to the following color usseting wi thin the basin of the stem shall spec . ifu . a f io , ls . Tne J percentage stated refers ne permmea. to the area of the surface which must be cov- Fancy Grade— I- ancy apples are defined as ered with a , shade of red apples complying with the standard of Extra Fancy Grade", except that slight leaf rubs, SOLID RED VARIETIES scratches, or russeting shall be permitted up Extra to a total of ten per cent of the surface, and I- ancy Fancy provided that scab spots not larger than one- Aiken Red 75% 25% quarter inch in diameter in the aggregate Arkansas Black 75% 25% shall be permitted in this grade. Baldwin .. i ', 259i "C" Grade— "C" grade apples shall con- Black Ben Davis ,_.y , 25J sist of sound, mature, hand-picked apples Detroit nea /a . --_' which are practically free from infection, Gano • • • ; • if %e jS,"h bruising or broken skin and which are not King David 75% 25% badly misshapen, provided that two healed «ed June .., , -._> , worm stings, slight sun scald, and scab up to Spi zenburg hsopus 75% 2o% a total of one-half inch in diameter shall be SpiUcnburg Kaign 759j 25 . permitted in this grade. Vanderpool 75* 2|9i Combination Grade— When Extra Fancy iVnTth™ M* r >v and Fancy apples are packed together the „ ! m '' ru.'j l v boxes must be marked ••Combination Extra Mdntosn mil i.i. Fancy and Fancy." When Fancy and "C" STRIPED OR PARTIAL RED VARIETIES grade apples are packed together trie box must Extra be marked "Combination Fancy and "C" Fancy Fancy Grades." Combination grades must contain Delicious 66 -'• , -V at least 25 per cent of apples which are of Stayman Winesap i",t; J ', 25% such grade as would be permitted in the Black Twig 50' , 15', higher grades. None of the higher grade Ben Davis ."."' 15', apples shall be sorted out of any lot and the Bonum .Ml', I.v remainder packed as combination grade. Fameuse 50', 15' , Orchard Run— When Extra Fancy, Fancy Geniton 50% 15% and "C" Grade apples are packed together the Hubbardston 50% 15% boxes must be marked "Orchard Run." but Limbertwig Mr. 1591 Orchard Run apples must not contain any Missouri Pippin iO 15 fruit that will not meet the requirements of Northern Spy Mi. 15 "C" Grade. It shall be unlaw fill to remove Ontario 50 IV any of the higher grade apples from any lot Red Astrachaii 50' I i' and then pack the remainder as "Orchard Rainier 50 ', I Run." Rome Beauty *50 15 Unclassified— All firm apples which are Salome 50', 15% practically free from infection but which do Stark 509! 15 not conform to the foregoing specifications of Sutton 50', i, grade, or if conforming, are not branded in Willow Twig 50', 15' accordance therewith shall be classed as "Un- Wagener 50' ; 15% classified," and so branded, provided, thai no Wealthy : 5o- , i restriction shall be placed on the number of York Imperial worm stings admitted to this class. Open Alexander 25' ; 10% Chenango 25% 10% Gravenstein 25% 10% Jeffries 25% 10% King 25% 10% Oldenburg 25% 10% Shiawassee 25% 10% Twenty Ounce 25% 10% * No color requirement on Fancy Rome Beauty 96 and larger. RED CHEEKED OR BLUSHED VARIETIES Extra Fancy — Perceptibly blushed cheek. Fancy — Tinge of color. Hvdes King Maiden Blush Red Cheek Pippin Winter Banana. GREEN AND YELLOW VARIETIES Extra Fancy — Characteristic color. Fancy — Characteristic color. Grimes Golden Y'ellow Newtown White Winter Pearmain Cox's Orange Pippin Ortlev Yellow Bellefleur Rhode Island Greening. SUMMER AND EARLY FALL VARIETIES Summer varieties such as Astrachan, Bailey's Sweet, Beitigheimer, Duchess, Early Harvest, Bed June, Strawberry, Twenty Ounce Pippin. Yellow ^Transparent and kindred varieties, not otherwise specified in these grading rules, together with early fall varie- ties such as Alexander, Blue Pearmain, Wolf River, Spokane Reauty, Fall Pippin, Waxen, Tolman Sweet. Sweet Bough and other varie- ties not provided for in these grading rules, as grown in sections of early maturity, shall be packed in accordance with the grading rules covering Fancy Grade as to defects but regardless of color. All apples packed otherwise than accord- ing to the foregoing rules shall be accom- panied by a printed description of the contents of each package. APPLE PACKS No. in Style of Pack: Box 2x1 diagonal pack 5x5 long, 3 tier deep. . 45 2x1 diagonal pack 5x6 long, 3 tier deep. . 50 2x2 diagonal pack 3x3 long, 4 tier deep. . 48 2x2 diagonal pack 3x4 long, 4 tier deep. . 56 2x2 diagonal pack 4x4 long, 4 tier deep. . 64 2x2 diagonal pack 4x5 long, 4 tier deep.. 72 2x2 diagonal pack 5x5 long, 4 tier deep. . 80 2x2 diagonal pack 5x6 long, 4 tier deep. . 88 2x2 diagonal pack 6x6 long, 4 tier deep. . 96 2x2 diagonal pack 6x7 long, 4 tier deep. . 104 2x2 diagonal pack 7x7 long, 4 tier deep. . 112 2x2 diagonal pack 7x8 long, 4 tier deep. . 120 3x2 diagonal pack 4x5 long, 5 tier deep.. 113 3x2 diagonal pack 5x5 long, 5 tier deep. . 125 3x2 diagonal pack 5x6 long, 5 tier deep. . 138 3x2 diagonal pack 6x6 long, 5 tier deep. . 150 3x2 diagonal pack 6x7 long, 5 tier deep.. 163 3x2 diagonal pack 7x7 long, 5 tier deep. . 175 3x2 diagonal pack 7x8 long, 5 tier deep. . 188 3x2 diagonal pack 8x8 long, 5 tier deep. . 200 3x2 diagonal pack 8x9 long, 5 tier deep. . 213 5 straight pack 8 long, 5 tier deep. . 200 5 straight pack 9 long, 5 tier deep.. 225 DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD APPLE AND PEAR PACKAGES The standard size of an apple box shall be 18 inches long, 11 W. inches wide, 10% inches deep, inside measurement. Pear — lSxllVjxS 1 :: inches, and outside length 199i inches. 3%-inch suitcase pack Peach-Plum — 18x1114 x3U inches. DIMENSIONS OF APPLE BOX MATERIALS Ends— %xl0V?;xll%, 2 pieces, 20 to bundle. Sides— " s xl0':.xl9%, 2 pieces, 40 to bundle. Top and Bottom— iix5M.xl9%, 4 pieces, 100 to bundle. Cleats — "ix ?4xl li v., 4 pieces, 100 to bundle. Thirty-two 6d nails commonly used per box. RULES FOR ESTIMATING PAPER AND CARDBOARD Apples and Pears. Wraps for packing 100 boxes, 50 pounds. Lining for packing 100 boxes, 7% pounds. Cardboard for packing 100 boxes (apples), 16 pounds. RULES FOR USE OF PAPER Apples. Use 8xS for 188-200-213-225 Packs. Use 9x9 for 175-103-150-138-125-113 Packs. Use 10x10 for 112-104-100-96-88 Packs. 1 se 11x11 for 80-72-64-56 Packs. Use 12x12 for 50-48-41-36-32 Packs. /Yur.s. Use S\8 for 210-228-215 Packs. Use 9x9 for 193-180-165 Packs, Use 10x10 for 150-135-120-110-100 Packs. Use 11x11 for 90-80-70-60 Packs. CEMENT COATED NAM S Per keg: 4d, 55,000; od, 39,700; 5%d, 31,000; 6d, 23,600. Pa c;e 8 BETTER FRUIT Utilizing Baskets for Apple Shipments THE shortage and high prices of boxes as containers for packing apples during the past two years has caused growers in some sections of the Northwest to utilize some other style of package. One of the methods resorted to which is said to have proved satisfactory is the use of bas- kets. While baskets have been em- ployed in shipping peaches from some of the Western states for some time it is only comparatively recently that they have been used for apples in the Northwest. In using baskets for shipping apples Idaho has taken the lead and last year shipped a large quantity of fruit in this way. This year with a still greater shortage of containers and higher prices for boxes it is expected that a wider use of baskets will result and that other states are likely to use large quantities of them. Last year eight carloads of fancy apples were shipped in baskets from the Payette valley, which growers had no trouble in disposing of at satisfactory prices. Thirty cars were shiped from the Boise valley and 15 acres of 6,000 empty baskets to the car were utilized at Parma, Council, Twin Falls and other points in Idaho. By properly piling the baskets five tier high it is said to be possible to ship 600 packed baskets of apples to the car. In some instances the grad- ing and packing of the apples was done in the orchards doing away with the expense of hauling and hand- ling in the packing house. While packing apples in baskets in Oregon and Washington has been very limited so far, reports from the latter state are to the effect that they will probably be used to some extent there this year. In fact there has been a considerable tendency among growers Vr."- Jonathan apples packed in bushel baskets ready for shipment at Fruitland, Idaho. Your Apples Won't Freeze NEITHER WILL YOUR OTHER FRUIT OR POTATOES IF YOU USE Cabot's lusulating "Quilt" IN YOUR STORAGE HOUSES The Most Efficient Insulator, as Proved by the Tests of the United States GovernmentiBureau of Standards (Ask for copy of report of test) Cold and Heat-proof, Rot-proof , Vermin-proof, Fire-resistant Cabot's Quilt is a thick, resilient matting of cured eel-grass quilted between sheets of wonderfully strong Kraft paper. The eel-grass has a tough, flat fibre that forms thousands of dead-air spaces, making an insulating layer that the tests proved was superior even to cork board, which now costs over five times as much. For further information and details of proper construction write or see TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Distributors PORTLAND, OREGON Jobbers and Dealers in Building Materials, Building Papers, Roofing, Perfection Plaster Board, Cabot's Conservo Wood Preservative, Cabot's Creosote Shingle Stains September, 1920 in some of the states to try shipping some of their apples in bulk due to the shortage of containers. In view of this, baskets which can be ob- tained for about the same price as boxes this year may prove a big help in moving the Northwest apple crop. Our Advertisers In the raising of fruits, as in any other business, one must have a certain amount of equipment. There are tools for cultivation, for spraying, for harvesting and packing, without which the or- chardist cannot hope to compete for success with his more progres- sive neighbor, who possesses this equipment. In accepting advertising for Bet- ter Fruit we have endeavored to be sure that the articles are as advertised. We feel, therefore, that our readers are safe in buying from any of our advertisers. You will find the advertising col- umns of Better Fruit an interest- ing and helpful directory of the most modern orchard equipment and materials necessary to the fruitgrower. September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page p WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Paee JO BETTER FRUIT Operating Air-Cooled Apple Storage Houses By H. J. Ramsey and S. J. Dennis, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture PROPERLY grown, matured, and handled fruit can not be held in good condition for the maximum length of time in storage unless it is cooled with some degree of prompt- ness. Neither can it be stored for the maximum length of time unless it is held under favorable storage tempera- tures and conditions. The two factors of promptness of cooling and the maintenance of proper storage tem- peratures are inseparably associated with both the construction and the management of air-cooled storage houses. These are the two factors for which the manager of the storage house is primarily responsible. If the grower is also the manager of his own common storage house, full re- sponsibility for the condition of the fruit in storage must necessarily de- volve on him. If, however, the com- mon storage house is managed by an association or by some one other than the grower, the responsibility for the keeping quality rests both with the grower and the storage-house manager. When the apples are grown, harvested, and stored by a single in- dividual, there is no question as to who is responsible for every act that tends to prolong or shorten the life of [ This is one of a series ] Clean and Safe These are requisites in spray materials, They are practical details of manufacture and technique. ZENO Is clean to handle, safe to apply. It will not hurt the hands or face of the operator, Nor the skin of horses. It has been used for years in parks, On tough and tender trees and shrubs, Much more difficult to spray than orchards. It is used to control scale, aphis, mealy bug, Red spider — to clean the tree of black smut, Moss and lichen. ZENO Is an internationally used Miscible oil spray, and these are reasons why It has proved the best by years of test. MANUFACTURED ONLY BY Eastbay Chemical Co., Inc. (formerly STANDARD CHEMICAL CO.) of Emeryville Station [Oakland] California T. O. McCLURE. Director of Research [Zeno may be had of your local Distributor, Fruit Company, Exchange, or by writing to us direct] SPOHN & WING, Northwest Agents 223 Sherlock Building, Portland, Oregon September, 1020 the fruit. If, however, there is a di- vision of labor, one man growing and harvesting and another storing the fruit, then there is always a question as to what may have caused the loss in storage and who was responsible for it. Inefficient management of storage houses results usually in the very slow cooling of the fruit and the main- tenance of temperatures anything but desirable. All the money invested in the orchard enterprise and all the care exercised in growing and har- vesting the crop may be wholly wasted by inattention to the details of proper storage-house management. It is therefore evident that if air- cooled storage houses are to be suc- cessfully employed it is essential that proper attention be given to both con- struction and management, in order to preserve the keeping quality that the fruit possesses at the time it is placed in storage. The efficiency of a common storage house will depend primarily upon the rapidity which the fruit is cooled and the storage temperatures maintained. A common storage building, there- fore, must necessarily provide for two things — the freest circulation and in- take of cold air during the night or the cooler periods of the day and the conservation of this cold air by clos- ing all hatches and intakes before the outside temperature begins to rise and by preventing the leakage of heat through the walls, floors, and ceilings of the building. For the intake of cold air, openings should be provided at or near the ground or the lower part of the building, while air shafts leading upward from the ceiling of the storage chamber or chambers should be provided to carry off the warm air. To prevent the leakage of heat into the building, the walls, ceilings, and floors must be insulated. As these two factors govern to a con- siderable extent the rapidity of cool- ing and the maintenance of low tem- peratures, the importance of ventila- tion and insulation can hardly be overestimated. No other two factors of construction or operation are of greater importance. Upon these de- pend in the final analysis the success or failure of the common storage house. The circulation of air in a common storage house is usually secured through natural ventilation induced by the difference in the weight of air at different temperatures. Air when warm expands and occupies a greater amount of space than when cold. The weight of a cubic foot of warm air is less than the weight of a cubic foot of cold air. When the air inside of the building is warmer than that out- side, the cold outside air. by reason 11I' its greater weight, flows in through the openings at the lower part of the building. This incoming colder air pushes out the warmer and lighter air Continued on page 32. ■ < \!>\ Hi I tSERS M BETTER FKE'IT September, iqj<> BETTER FRUIT Page ii For President Warren G. Harding For Vice-President Calvin Coolidge The Republican Party and the Farmer YOU farmers of America have more at stake in this election than any other ele- ment in our citizenship. You have borne more than your full share of the burdens of public waste, extravagance and mismanagement. Tou want a change. Tou want this change at Washington be- cause the present national administration has singled out yours, the biggest of all national industries, as a target for a price fixing pol- icy which has limited the return for your output, while leaving you exposed to the ex- actions of profiteers in every other line of production, distribution and speculation. You Have Been the Victim Tou have been told what you could charge for your staple products, you have been sub- jected to all sorts of restraints, exactions and annoyances, while there has been no limit to what others might charge you for food, cloth- ing, machinery and other necessities of your occupation. The result of this unwise, unsympathetic policy, while harmful to the farm producer, has not been helpful to the consumer. Pro- duction has been curtailed, speculation in food has been facilitated, and that expansion of the great farming industry essential to Amer- ica's future has been halted. Make the Farm More Profitable The Republican party by its platform and the utterances of its candidates, is pledged to a sympathetic, practical, helpful attitude to- ward American agriculture. It promises a con- structive program which will make the farm more profitable and therefore more produc- tive. The Republican party is not a class or sec- tional party; its policies are intended for the upbuilding of the whole nation. But it be- lieves that it is essential to the general wel- fare that the American farmer, whose in- dustry is the base of our national prosperity, should be stimulated to larger production through an assurance to him of a larger share of the values which his own labor and en- terprise create. The Democratic platform reaffirms the tariff-for-revenue-only policy which will open the American market to the invasion of cheap farm products of foreign lands (the resultant of cheap labor) when shipping becomes avail- able. It promises no relief from the price fix- ing and other farm policies of this administra- tion, or remedy for the violent fluctuations in farm product prices which have caused the farmer such heavy losses. Pledges of the Party Here is what the Republican platform and the country-bred candidate say on the issues of special interest to the farmer: Practical and adequate farm representation in the appointment of governmental officials and commissions. The right to form co-operative associations for marketing their products, and protection against discrimination. The scientific study of agricultural prices and farm production costs at home and abroad, with a view to reducing the frequency of abnormal fluctuations, and the uncensored publication of such reports. The authorization of associations for the extension of personal credit. A national inquiry on the co-ordination of rail, water and motor transportation, with adequate facilities for receiving, handling and marketing food. The encouragement of our export trade. An end to unnecessary price fixing and ill- considered efforts arbitrarily to reduce prices of farm products, which invariably result to the disadvantage both of producer and con- sumer. The encouragement of the production and importation of fertilizing material and for its extended use. The extension of the federal farm loan act so as to help farmers to become farm owners and thus reduce the evils of farm tenantry. and also to furnish such long-time credit as farmers need to finance adequately their larger and long-time production operations. Revision of the tariff as necessary for the preservation of a home market for American labor, agriculture and industries. (Note that the pledge to the farmer is just as specific as to labor and capital.) Harding's Endorsement Senator Warren G. Harding, the Republican nominee, in his speech of acceptance took advanced ground on behalf of agriculture. He said: "I hold that farmers should not only be per- mitted but encouraged to join in co-operative associations to reap the just measure of re- ward merited by their arduous toil." "Our platform is an earnest pledge of re- newed concern for agriculture, and we pledge effective expression in law and practice. We will hail that co-operation which will make profitable and desirable the ownership and operation of small farms and which will fa- cilitate the marketing of farm products with- out the lamentable waste which exists under present conditions, "A Republican administration will be com- mitted to a renewed regard for agriculture and seek the participation of farmers in cur- ing the ills justly complained of and aim to place the American farm where it ought to be — highly ranked in American activities and fully sharing the highest good fortune of American life. "Becoming associated with this subject are the policies of irrigation and reclamation, so essential to agricultural expansion, and the continued development of the great and won- derful west." Mr. Harding p dg - federal co-operation with state governments In building and im- proving farms-to-market roads rather than ,1 highways, to cheapen and facilitate the quick shipment of crops. Send for a free copy of Senator Harding's address in which he discusses at length present day problems of the farmer. REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE. Auditorium Hotel. Chicago. WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION* JtKTTER TRVIT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON Delayed Apple Buying. It is now evident that speculation in the 1920 apple crop will be re- duced to the minimum as buyers who last year bought large blocks of apples early in the season are holding off until the market is more fully de- veloped. In fact, apple sales up to September 1st have been fewer than in almost any years that men in the trade can remember. This does not necessarily mean a poor year for the grower, but it does mean that the apple movement to the big markets will be considerably slower this year than last and that the grower and shipper must take every precaution to store and care for their hold- ings. The delay in apple buying is un- doubtedly due to some extent to un- certain financial conditions in regard to the movement of almost all farm crops. These conditions will no doubt adjust themselves a little later in the season. As to the size of the crop, although larger than last year by 15 to 20 per cent, it is not by any means of the bumper proportions of a number of years in the past. There should, therefore, be a good market at satis- factory prices for the crop — particu- larly the Northwest output, which is far below normal in size, but of fine quality. BETTER FRUIT marketing the season's crop of soft fruits at the increased prices. It is believed, however, that the top notch was reached this year in prices for soft fruit canning stock. Shipping in Bulk. The apple packing season is again with us, bringing with it, according to reports from all sections of the country, a distinct shortage of con- tainers. In the East, barrels are high and difficult to get, and in the North- west the same conditions obtain in regard to boxes. This has led to a great deal of talk about shipping in bulk, and it is probable that a consid- erable shipment of Northwest apples will be made from some sections in the latter region to points in the Middle West unpacked. These ship- ments, however, must of necessity be limited as the large Eastern buyers of Northwest apples, buy them on ac- count of the attractiveness of the box package as well as their quality. If they want bulk apples, they can buy them much nearer home. If the box shortage becomes very acute, it may result, in some sections, in the pack- ing of the extra fancy and fancy grades in boxes and in shipping the "C" grade in some other way. The grower, however, who can ob- tain boxes should not be tempted to experiment in shipping his apples, even at the high cost of containers. The reputation of the Northwest apple has been built up and is being main- tained on its extra high quality pack and a deviation from this course can- not help but prove disastrous. Soft Fruit Crop Generally speaking, the 1920 berry and cherry crop has been marketed at very satisfactory figures to the grower this year. Prices for all kinds of soft fruits have been the highest ever known in the Northwest, and, despite the high cost of labor or ma- terials necessary to the soft fruit in- dustry, growers, almost without ex- ception, have had a most profitable season. In some instances there is a tendency to be skeptical as to whether the establishments who bought the soft fruit crops can turn them at a living profit. Of course this does not worry the grower, except that if prices for the finished product fall down in one year, prices must natur- ally be lower the next. It is to be assumed, however, that most of the buyers of soft fruits had estimated the quantity they could sell at the prices paid and were taking no chances. In fact in some lines of processed fruits, manufacturers are said to have sold more stock than they could obtain. In others, the prices of fruit were so high that it was almost prohibitive and the output was necessarily limited. In viewing the whole situation canners are in- clined to be optimistic in regard to Marking Fruit Packages. Fruits and vegetables in package form when shipped into interstate commerce should bear a plain and conspicuous statement of the quan- tity of the contents in each package, according to a statement made by officials of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agricul- ture, who are charged with the en- forcement of the Federal food and drugs act. Instructions have been is- sued showing how various fruits and vegetables in different styles of pack- ages may be marked in order to com- ply fully with the net weight amend- ment to the law, and also showing what shipments of vegetables as ordi- narily marketed are exempt from the net weight provisions. September, ip20 bination is an effective disinfectant for both wounds and tools, according to Prof. F. C. Reimer. Frequent in- spection in districts where this dis- ease has been discovered is necessary and growers should use extraordinary vigilance in combatting this disease. What the Newspapers Interested in Fruit Are Saying The removal of price control of apples from August 1 to the middle of November by the British Government recalls the remark of the embarrassed dinner guest that the butter was verv good, what there was of it. and that there was enough of it, too, such as it was. — Fruit Trade Journal. We hear that very extensive orders have been placed for small motor machinery for working citrus farms and sugar plantations in Natal and the Eastern Transvaal. There is no doubt that South Africa is certainly behind in its application of motive power to land-working. A combined tool which ploughs or culti- vates, or converts itself into a stationary engine at will and is always ready to work must "stand in" as a thing the working farmer can't afford to be without. Elsewhere, scarcity and dearness of labor has forced the use of these implements to the front and they certainly cut work. We are not in the dire need of other countries so far as labor goes, but we are in competition with their products, and if they can "do it cheaper" by applying new methods we have got to apply them, too. — South African Fruitgrower. The California Associated Raisin Company on August 9th named its opening prices for 1920 crop of raisins on a basis of 15c per pound to the grower. This is an increase of five cents per pound over last year's prices. With an increase in the yield this year, raisin growers will receive approxi- mately $22,000,000 more for this year's crop than they were paid last year. The estimated tonnage of the 1920 California raisin crop is 200.000,000 tons in comparison with a total tonnage of about 190,000.000 tons produced last year. The price the trade will pav for this year's raisin crop will be ap- proximately $80,000,000, of which the Cali- fornia raisin growers will receive about $60,- 000,000. — Sunsweet Standard. The amount of effort it has taken to bring to the attention of people of the valley the menace confronting them in the lack of re- frigerator cars for this year is almost unbe- lievable. When the facts are presented as clearly as they have been in this case it would seem that people would flock to the cause and thereby prevent, if possible, a serious loss. But the general inclination seems to be to let George do it, or an implicit confidence that the thing will come out all right. The growth of that idea would ultimately tear down every improvement that has been made with such great effort in the Yakima Valley. It will spell defeat in any cause just as surely as the defensive game played by the Germans was disastrous before aggressive forces. Those few individuals who responded to the first call for ammunition in the refrigerator car campaign are in a class with the Belgians who stemmed the gray tide in a critical moment. The present situation demands immediate action of the most aggressive character if the valley is not to feel the pinch of congested transportation when shipping time comes. — Yakima Valley Progress. Combatting Fire Blight. Do not forget that fire blight is one of the most serious diseases in an or- chard and that when discovered should be cut out at once. This dis- ease shows itself in the fruit spurs and twigs first, which exhibit a cankerous condition. In removing fire blight the cuts should be made 10 to 12 inches below the infected part. The wounds should be disinfected with one grain of cyanide of mercury and one gram of bichloride of mer- curv to 500cc of water. This com- How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Better Fruit's apple packing chart as it appears in this number, but printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in the packing house, will he mailed to anyone desiring it on the following terms: ne card FREE with a new subscrip- tion to Better Fri it. One card without subscription 10c Twelve cards without subscription. . .$1.00 For quantity prices write us. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. 703 Oregonian Building Portland. Oregon September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 The Northwest's Orchard Supplies The Northwest Standard The ladder chosen by orchardists throughout the United States, because it is light and well constructed. Bastian Straight Pruner Why waste your time with an old- style pruner, when you can use the Bastian and prune your trees with ease in one-half the time? Sold for less money than any other pruner on the market, considering quality and workmanship. Eagle Brand Ladder A handy ladder where limbs are close together; easily put into tree without bruising the limbs. Sectional Pruner Bastian Sectional Take-down Prim- ers, three pruners in one, 6-9-12 feet. A few minutes will change from short to long or to medium. One Sectional will do the work for a fair sized orchard. Put up in 42-inch length cartons. Can be mailed by parcel post. Barnett Picking Pails No bruised fruit when you use the Canvas Bot- connect torn Pail with sides lined. The most modern device "ftpsu! for picking fruit. Cost is small. All Northwest Ladders are made of clear spruce and well ironed, with rod under each step. Ask ™£[**!; your dealer for the genuine "Northwest." Our name on each ladder. If he cannot supply you, write siting us direct. Northwest Fence and Wire Works co- PORTLAND, OREGON MENTION BETTER Page 14 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 Service Rendered by Our Fertilizer and Stock Food Factories By W. R. Lebo, Secretary Marine Products Co., Inc., Tacoma, Washington The functions of our factories are many. They serve as storage and collection depots for ammoniates, phosphates, potash, guanos and animal and other by-products, brought together from all points of the compass. The materials brought together under a common roof are stored, ground, mixed, screened and handled with specially designed labor saving machin- ery. Without this treatment many of these in- gredients would be a total loss to agriculture. CHEMICAL CONTROL The men in charge of our plants are skilled in chemistry and engineering and they must necessarily have a definite knowledge of the chemical reactions that are constantly occurr- ing throughout the entire processing. Ability to judge the chemical combinations in advance so that there are no false moves with resultant failures of manufactured goods is a further requisite. Goods for both fertilizer and stock feed are sampled, analyzed and classed safely. Balanced ration stock feed and formulas are calculated in advance and the combinations resultant must check to a nicety in order to comply with the State fertilizer and feeding laws which require guaranteed analysis. CONSERVATION Practical conservation of the highest order is Ihe result of our routine control work and experimentation. The happy cobmination of technical and practical men in our personnel has saved, and is saving thousands of tons of fish offal in Alaska, packing house offal and other by-products in the Northwest, to be fur- ther used in the conservation of the land. One acre well fertilized is often worth two acres unfertilized in actual production. Poultry and live stock when fed a balanced ration com- bining protein from an animal organic source, phosphates from bone, with a grain ration, show increased production and lower feeding costs. FIELD WORK Close observation of the crops grown in Cali- fornia, Oregon and Washington, by trained men who cover every district several times yearly, make it possible for us to carry on the most thorough investigation of fertilizers and their results. Extensive experiments are being carried on in a practical way throughout the Pacific Njrlhwest. The West Side Gardens located near Tacoma, use approximately SI 5,000.00 per year of our special formulas on their two hundred odd acre farm, where we have carried on the most exhaustive practical research work ever attempted on the Pacific Coast. "PuyallupBrancTBerryFertilizer "TWO - TEN - TWO" A concentrated balanced ration berry pro- ducing fertilizer, especially designed to meet the needs of berry production in the wet climate of Ihe Pacific Northwest. Constant ex- periments and close contact with the growers have made "Puvallup Brand" berry fertilizer possible. The theory of this fertilizer is, that " is based on largely organic materials, which ^r^^m in beloy On blackbei represent the product' FERTILIZED WITH CHICKEN MANURE The upper vieyv shows raspberries fertilized with chicken manure, lizer used. The owner, Mr. Stevenson, at Puyallup, will fertilize year. This place adjoins the on are timed to break down as the result of bac- terial activity, exerting a continuity of fer- tilizer effort on the berry vines. The action of organic fertilizers in the soil is ideal from the standpoint of utility. Applying "Puyallup Brand" berry fertilizer will obtain for the grower, first an increase of organic matter con- tent with its effect on water retaining capacity, improved mechanical condition, addition of bacteria, and increased bacterial activity. The bacteria attack particles of meat, blood and bone, thus transforming the nitrogen to am- monia, in which form nitrates are taken up by the roots, the form in which most of the nitro- gen is absorbed. In cold weather the bacteria are not active and at such time as the plant is not actively feeding, the plant food from organic material is not available and for this reason does not leach out of the soil. On the other hand in- organic materials, such as nitrate of soda, are soluble in any kind of weather and readily leach beyond the roots of the tree, oftentimes leaving behind an injurious residue harmful to the plant. By using a natural product, something once a part of a living organism, are allowing nature's forces to take care of the fertilizing in a natural way, you need never worry about what day you must fertilize to get the best results. "Puyallup Bra , "Puyallup Br The New Growth Bears the Fruit FERTILIZED WITH "PUYALLUP BRAND" <;. Hamainshi place adjoins Ihe berry patch in upper picture. Our Major Newsom is over Six feet tall and his position illustrates the splendid growth received as a result of "Puyallup Brand berry fertilizer which was applied in the fall. nd raspberries the suckers wood necessary for fruit .^ are essential, but if too odueed they shade the fruit and make harvesting difficult. Here again new wood growth must be controlled. The run- ners represent the new wood of strawberries. Those produced by this year's mother plants are destined to bear the crop of next year. Here the fertility problem consists in getting a sullicieit number of well rooted runners, but avoiding such an excessive number as to make them crjwd each other and function as so many weeds PLANT FOOD CONTROLS WOOD GROWTH The kind, form and amount of plant food available for the use of the plant control the wood growth. Fertilizer Is A Chain The three links may be termed Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. The limiting fac- tor in the growth of a crop may be one ele- ment, any of the three. The plant food ration is no stronger than its weakest link. NITROGEN is the stem and leaf producer. It produces the green, rank growth of the plant and gives to foliage a healthy green color. PHOSPHORIC ACID hastens the maturity and increases production of fruit. POTASH strengthens the fiber of the wood growth and aids in producing healthy disease resistant plants and fruit, and above all pro- duces hard shipping quality in the berry. Note: — Where the grower is getting sufficient cane growth and wishes to increase shipping quality, we substitute a two-ten-four analysis. increasing the formula by 2 per cent, of potash to cover this condition. PLANT FOOD MUST BE BALANCED Sickly and weakened condition of growth in- dicates'lack of nitrogen. But nitrogen unbal- anced by the other food usually proves a very poor remedy. If the plant food ration is out of balance 'new wood delays in ripening, is subject to winter killing, and the excessive grow th of leaves shades the fruit and leads to poor quality. Phosphoric acid and potash, in combination with nitrogen, remedies this con- dition. The best fertility practice is to use "Puya'lup Brand" berry fertilizer which grows enough new wood for a full set of fruit, but which also luips to strengthen it, to prevent w inter killing. CLOVER IN THE BERRY FIELD Cane berries will eventually be planted seven to eight feet apart ill the rows and B Legume grown through the center. This will be disked in to allow of ready access between Ihe rows. The actual cane row may be clean cultivated. In this manner much of the nitro- gen required can be secured by Ihe legume which will also furnish organic matter and a special phosphoric acid and potash fertilizer September, 1920 BETTER FRU IT Page 15 may be obtained from the manufacturer of fertilizers lo supply the fruit's demands. DIRECTIONS Small fruit require from 1000 lbs. to 2000 lbs. of "Puyallup Brand" fertilizer applied to each acre yearly, in order to produce heavy yield crops", year after year. METHOD OF APPLICATION The best method is to make two applica- tions; one-half in the Fall and one-half in the Spring. Good results have been shown by fer- tilizing in a circle around the upper root system, starting 8 inches or 10 inches from the stalk of the vine. Where proper cultiva- tion is earned on, broadcasting between the rows places the plant food where it is ulti- mately available. There is no danger to work- ing "Puyallup Biand" fertilizer around the roots of berry fr.iits. SPRING FERTILIZATION At this season of the year there is a current of life that pulsates throughout the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms. "Spring's Impulse" it is sometimes called, and who can deny its influence? Do not wait to respond to the call of your fruit vines until the buds ire bursting and the new leaves are evidence that "Spring has come." This period is too late for the best results for fertilizer as the strongest impulse is past. Later efforts of fertilization are never as efficient. The soil is nature's factory and must limit its output to the raw material on hand. If the plant food is not ready when needed you've lost part of the growth which your berry vines would have made. A successful farmer should look ahead as the successful manufacturer does and provide for the conditions which are go- ing to exist. A supply of organic plant food should be at the demand of the searching new rootlets which put forth in every direction. "Puyallup Brand" supplies the demand for material to produce growth of foliage and new wood, as well as the much desired heavy bloom. SUMMER FERTILIZER Summer fertilizing is often resorted to, to provide a sustaining power to develop growth properly and to hold and mature the young fruit. Laying the foundation for the next year's crop depends as surely upon sufficient food as its quality depends upon the source of its food. At this period we supply special mixtures low in nitrogen and high in potash to give firmness and shipping qualities to the berry. This treatment adds materially to weight and solidity. FALL FERTILIZING Berry trees and vines in the main should be fertilized in the Fall. Our "Puyallup Brand" berry fertilizer is manufactured from slowly available organic materials for this season. The fertility elements contained in this appli- cation are gradually taken up and assimilated by the roots during the late Fall and Winter, thus establishing full vigor. This Fall storage of plant food assists in avoiding loss by frost because of the increased vigor and ability to withstand its inroads. Capacity of strawberry and berry vines means chiefly bearing surface, other conditions being normal. Applications of "Puyallup Brand" fertilizer in the Fall have proven that big capacity bearing surface is the result. Warning The success of Marine Products Company's "Puyallup Brand" berry fertilizer has caused several companies to duplicate the chemical analysis, two-ten-two, and their salesmen make the statement "as good as Marine Products Company's berry fertilizer and costs you less money." Remember there are two points of view in fertilizing: 1st To start the vine. 2nd To nourish it to fruition. Our fertilizer represents a continuity of plant food energy; the organic materials are combined to break down during the entire growing and fruition period, and the con- stituent elements knit with the soil in a natural way. By substituting chemicals and organic materials not readily available, our superior facilities and greater buying and dis- tributing power, would allow us to make a cut price fertilizer cheaper than any produced in the Northwest. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS We guarantee analysis but a stress should be laid not upon analysis and valuations so much as upon the intrinsic and agricultural values. Bear in mind that a manufacturer looking more to profits than to their reputation, may use materials which produce high chemical valuations at a low expense, yet in so doing he may rob the fertilizer of its agricultural value simply to o*iain a commercial value. When an Agriculturalist says one analysis is as good as another, remember he speaks only from the more or less limited experience which he may have gained in a community where some Agricultural Experiment Stations still recommend playing with the crop, feeding it first one thing and then another. The crop Commercial Manures Phos. Nit. A. Potash Berries 2 10 2 . ."Puyallup" Brand Large Fruit 6 10 4 "Clarke's Wenat- c h e e" Orchard Dressing 1 8 10 "Harris" Special (Hood River) Potatoes... 2 10 4 ..."Potato" Special Tomatoes.. 3 8 6 . . "Tomato" Special Vegetables. 2 10 2 ..."Lebo's" General Hops 6 8 4 . . . (Muehler's Hop) Law ns Tankage, Fish Meals Miscellaneous Marproco Brands Sea Products Fish Meal, Whale Meal. Kelp Potash, Whale Bone Potash, Nitrate, Blood, Bone, Superphosphate TANKAGE Carlot Shippers Aquatic and Packing House By-products for Feed and Fertilizer Marine Products Company TACOMA.U.S. A. requires a complete balanced ration plant food just as live stock requires such a ration. Our fertilizers are built on the basis of natural crop requirements. "PROOF OF THE PUDDING" The "proof of the pudding is in the eating thereof." Our efforts are rewarded by the hundreds of testimonials, some of them con- tained herein. Salem, Oregon, July 28, 1920. Marine Products Co. I used your fertilizer this Spring on one acre of loganberries and am securing great results; in fact, far better than I anticipated. Am get- ting three times as many berries as my neigh- bor adjoining. Am well pleased with the fertilizer. Jonn D , Campbell. Salem. Oregon, July 27, 1920. I used Marine Products Co.'s "Puyallup Brand" fertilizer on loganberries this year and have got an excellent cane growth from its use. Also an increased production of berries. R. M. Cammack. Hubbard, Oregon, July 28, 1920. I used Marine Products Co.'s "Puyallup Brand" fertilizer on six rows of my logan- berries. These rows were on my poorest ground, but I obtained twice the yield on these rows that I did on the unfertilized rows. I am well pleased with the fertilizer. H. W. Kunkle. Route 1, Box 2, Puyallup, July 10, 1920. This is to say that the past Spring I used the Marine Products Co. berry fertilizer on my raspberry patch. I am exceedingly well pleased with the results. The cane growth is fine, the berries are large and firm, and there is every indication of a fine crop. The patch was in a very run down condition when I applied the fertilizer. chas. Nolin. Route 3, Box 172, Puyallup, Wash. I have used the Marine Products Co. berry fertilizer on strawberries, blackberries and raspberries. The strawberries gave a 200 per cent, increase in yield. The blackberries have not yet come into bearing, but I have never seen finer cane growth and the blooms are pro- fuse. They will yield a bumper crop. There is fully a 50 per cent, increase in the cane growth' of the raspberries and while the yield has been cut down by the frost, nevertheless the good effects of the fertilizer can be clearly seen. r, m. Campbell. Route 3, Box 180, 21st St. N.W., Puyallup, July 19, 1920. I think I have the finest berry patch in the Valley. The yield in berries of fine quality has been so heavy that I had to use the double wire system as trellis support. The new cane growth reaches up from ten to twelve feet. I think that to say there has been a sixty per cent, new cane growth above the old vines would be a conservative statement. I used the Pu-L-Up berry fertilizer on my raspberries and reinforced the same with a small amount of chicken litter from the chicken house, composed mostly of straw. I also used the fertilzer on my rhubarb, with the result that the canning company paid me one cent more per pound on account of the extra quality. I feel that the Marine Products Co. fertilizer, together with good tillage, has accomplished astonishing results. We have named our ranch ••The Lucky Ten." Mrs. Genevieve Ferguson. Anthracnose on Berries. To prevent anthracnose in logan- berries or blackberries remove all the old canes as soon as the harvest is complete and burn them. This is a safer plan than cutting the canes up and plowing them under. Next spring spray the plants just before the blos- soms open and again two weeks after the blossoming period, using Bor- deaux mixture 2-3-50. Early Picked Pears. Early picked pears are decidedly inferior in quality to those harvested later, says the O. A. C. Experiment Station. Pears picked from the mid- dle to the end of the season likewise keep slightly longer in cold storage than the early picked fruit. Growers can get the pear harvesting and stor- age bulletin by writing to the college at Corvallis. The Value of An Apple depends greatly on its appearance. When Nature has done her pari, giving size, color and shape to your fruit, do not lessen your profit l>\ use of imperfect picking devices, which may bruise or mar the fruit's appearance, when you can buy A Portland Picking Bag Designed to afford safety to your fruit from tree lo box. Price, $2.50 Each THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 55 No. Front St., Portland, Ore. 222 Los Angeles St., Los Angeles, Cal. Page 16 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 Fairs— Their Value to the Community COMMUNITY, county, state and in- terstate fairs are a big asset to both the business man and producer. It follows that promoting some form of community fair, such as an ex- hibit of local products, is profitable from many points of view. It stim- ulates better production of stock, farm produce and garden truck. It engen- ders the community pride, and adver- tises in an attractive fashion good products and those who produced them. Advertisers have discovered that good characteristics of their products which are so familiar to them as to seem commonplace are often not so well known to the great buying pub- lic. Goods must be talked about if business is to be secured. The same holds true with communities. The excellence of neighborhood products and the special lines in which vari- ous individuals excel may seem like a very old story to those immediately concerned, but there are plenty of folks near by who have not heard this story, or, by chance they have heard it, it is very much worth while from a business standpoint to repeat it — and more than once. If the community decides to hold a fair, an organization should be formed, officers elected, and commit- tees appointed. The latter should in- clude committees on amusement and entertainments, arrangements, decora- tions and publicity. These are gen- eral committees. In addition, there should be exhibit department commit- tees for such exhibits as live stock, farm products, orchard and garden products, women's work and fine arts, school and club exhibits and histori- cal relics. Too much emphasis cannot be placed on properly advertising the fair through articles in the local pa- pers, printed handbills, hand-made posters, notices read, preferably sev- eral times, in the schools and churches, and in various other ways. The publicity committee should give special attention to advertising in neighboring communities, extending an invitation in such cordial terms that many who do not ordinarily visit the community holding the exhibit will be induced to do so. The exhibit should represent as nearly as possible the normal produc- tion of the community, for one of the purposes of such a fair is to stimu- late interest in increasing the quan- tity and improving the quality of the average produce, as well as giving special recognition to the leaders in different lines. Freak exhibits are to be avoided. The committee should make it a point to solicit exhibits from all persons eligible, not failing to emphasize the business benefits which may result. "Redimade" Portable Take-Apart House For Apple Pickers' Use Price p?", $155.00 Can be erected by two men in a day. Can be easily taken apart and stored away. Made in 4 ft. wide sections ready to bolt together. Best grade material, size lOxlG feet. Prices include matched sec- tional floor, three single sash windows and door, and prepared roofing, every- thing ready to put together and move in. Siding is best 1x6 rustic. Order as many houses as you need for your pickers. Redimade Building Co. 801 Lewis Bldg., PORTLAND, OREGON No Orchard or Farm is Complete Without Our Latest Model COMMERCIAL SIZE All Purpose Evaporator Write for Folder HOME EVAPORATOR CO. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI P O. Box 817 Central Station Success Ewing Orchard Ladder Scientific tests and calculations must enter into the design and construction of a perfect Orchard Ladder. The weight and breaking strength of lumber, as well as its ability to stand exposure without checking and splitting, determines the kind of material to be used. The constantly varying leverages and loads to which the ladder is subjected determines the design which should be used. A ladder designed so as to combine maximum .strength with minimum weight and long life is what has been produced in the SUCCESS LADDER. It differs from other ladders in the following points: — "A" — Lighter weight. "B" — Greater strength. "C" — Clear dry spruce lumber — the strongest wood for its weight that grows. «D"— Special patented metal clips to hold steps, which are also fully rodded throughout. "E" — For shipping or being stored can be completely folded into one-half the space occupied by other ladders. "F" — No long, weak lower steps as in other ladders. . 8 ft. ladder, 27 lbs. 10 ft. ladder, 31 lbs. 12 ft. ladder, 40 lbs. 14 ft. ladder, 44 lbs. 16 ft. ladder, 53 lbs. No Wobble— Always Steady Manufactured by dealers SUCCESS SEED GRADER CO., Inc. WANTED SPOKANE, WASHINGTON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT SEND FOR LITERATURE TODAY September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT United States Export Trade in Apples ( Prepared by the Division of Statistics, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce ) THE calendar year 1919 shows the most remarkable values in the history of the United Sstates export trade in apples. These exports con- sisted of 24,704,359 pounds of dried apples, invoiced at $4,109,828, and 1,712,367 barrels of ripe or green ap- ples, worth $14,471,282, or an aggre- gate value of $18,581,110. This is an increase of 45 per cent in the total value, but a decrease of 36 per cent in the quantity of dried apples and 11 per cent in the quantity of fresh apples exported, as compared with the pre-war calendar year 1913, when the exports were 38,734,465 pounds of dried apples, invoiced at $2,719,203, and 1,920,221 barrels of green or ripe apples, worth $7,417,400, or an aggre- gate value of $10,136,603. The extraordinary fluctuations in the value and volume of this trade for the calendar years 1913-1919 may be noted in the table of exports and the average annual prices given below : high record of $8.45 per barrel for fresh and $0,166 per pound for dried apples in the peace year 1919. The variations in the quantity, value, and average price in the export trade from month to month during 1919 are shown in the following table: Page 17 monthly export price for the year, the highest, $0,216 per pound, occur- ring in September, when the exports dropped to 561,773 pounds, valued at $121,405. The movement of green or ripe apples to foreign markets was heaviest during the first and last quarters of 1919. With regard to quantity and total value, the February exports of 493,996 barrels, invoiced at $3,792,361, January February March April May June July August September October November . . .*. December Total. Dried 2,306,575 1,208,392 2,833,155 7,623,924 1,178,257 2,809,427 1,562,188 438,025 561,773 277,648 1,815,234 2,084,761 24,704,359 i 346,331 182,193 428,737 1,073,391 219,095 532,470 299,855 72,887 121,405 55,689 343,561 434,214 $4,109,828 Average price per pound $0,150 .150 .151 .141 .160 .190 .192 .166 .216 .200 .188 .208 $0,166 Green or Ripe 213,107 493,996 286,979 137,409 20,747 8,610 23,450 21,659 34,619 115,715 213,270 142,806 1,712,367 Value 1 $1,527,498 3,792,361 2,619,902 1,455,211 280,747 101,733 170,164 162,860 238,780 1,038,251 1,739,297 1,34 4,478 $14,471,282 Average price per barrel $7.17 7.68 9.13 10.60 13.36 11.30 7.25 7.55 6.90 8.97 8.15 > 9.40 $8.45 Unusually heavy exports of dried apples, running in millions of pounds, were made during each month of last year, except the principal harvest Dried Green or Ripe Year Pounds Value A verage price per pound Barrels Value A verage price per barrel 1913 1914 1915 1916 . . : 38,734,465 31,027,551 33,908,508 13,186,467 7,852.773 2,200,483 24,704,359 $2,719,203 2,441,094 2,671,601 1,002,007 691,111 311,350 4,109,828 $0,070 .078 .078 .076 .088 .141 .166 1,920,221 1,541,361 2,176,992 1,670,543 958,104 579,916 1,712,367 $7,417,400 5,695,621 7,686,992 7,205,766 4,496,707 3,135,203 14,471,282 $3.80 3.70 3.53 4.31 4.69 5.40 8.45 1918 1919 The foregoing figures would seem to indicate that the ordinary laws of supply and demand as affecting values were inoperative during the war pe- riod and the peace year 1919. In the normal pre-war year 1913 the average annual export price of dried apples was $0.07 per pound, and of fresh apples $3.80 per barrel. The outbreak of the war cut off to a large extent the usual competition in European markets from the other great apple- growing countries — Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. As compared with 1913, there was a decrease in American exports of dried apples of 7,706,914 pounds in 1914 and 4,825,957 pounds in 1915, without a proportion- ate rise in value, the average annual export price for those years remain- ing $0,078 per pound. The same paradoxical situation occurred in 1916, when the exports were 20,722,- 041 pounds less than in the previous year and the average annual export price dropped from $0,078 to $0,076. Likewise, exports of fresh apples de- clined 378,860 barrels in 1914, as com- pared with 1913, and the average price also declined from $3.80 in 1913 to $3.70 in 1914. From 1916 decreasing exportation of both dried and fresh apples was a factor in the ascending scale of aver- age annual export prices, which amount to $5.40 per barrel for fresh and $0,141 per pound for drier or evaporated apples in 1918, the last year of the war, and achieved the months of August, September, and October. April holds the high record for the quantity and value of dried apples shipped during any one month of 1919, with 7,623,924 pounds, worth $1,073,391, or $0,141 per pound. This constitutes the low - record average or an aveage of $7.68 a barrel, surpass those of any other month. May, how- ever, records the highest monthly average export price on apples, reach- ing $13.36 per barrel. September ex- ports of 34,619 barrel, invoiced at $238,780, disclose the lowest average monthly export price of fresh apples, $6.90 per barrel, as well as the high record export price on the evaporated fruit. Diminishing stocks of fresh apples in cold storage naturally cur- tailed exportation for the six months, May to September. The combined fruit crops of the United States perhaps exceed in va- riety, quantity, and value those of any other nation. The most import- ant of these in the export trade is the apple. This country is one of the greatest fruit-consuming as well as Don't Let Your Apples Freeze! LINE YOUR PACKING HOUSES -WITH— Roberts Stitched Padded Insulating Material It is made of two layers of extra heavy building paper with a thick filling of flax tow, stitched like a quilt, and comes in rolls 36 inches wide. Easy to apply, just nail it on with furring strips, and it will form a thorough protection from freezing. It Keeps Out the Cold and Frost Shipped in rolls containing 250 square feet. Weight 45 pounds. Special Price per roll <£ A /?ET Freight prepaid ^.00 P. L. CHERRY CO., Building Materials 271 Hawthorne Avenue, Portland, Oregon Page 18 fruit-producing nations on the globe, yet, in addition to the domestic con- sumption, .$122,678,783 worth of all kinds of fruit were exported during the calendar year 1919, of which 15 per cent, or $18,581,110, was for dried and fresh apples, not including large quantities of canned and preserved apple products also exported. The dis- tribution of these exports by princi- pal countries during November and December, and for the calendar year 1919, was as follows: BETTER FRUIT total green and ripe apples exported, value at $6,089,701, the United King- dom took .$3,112,956 worth, Canada $1,040,413, Germany $916,883, Aus- tralia $200,847, Argentina $156,839, and Brazil $124,520 worth, smaller amounts being shown for other coun- tries. War did not seriously interfere with the exportation of fresh apples from the United States to Great Britain, but rather stimulated the demand for the American product. During the Countries Year ended December December November Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Dried Apples Pounds 50,000 324,012 5,000 30.200 50,280 1,270,568 13.572 62,591 811,000 62,921 1.075 4,853 8,123 238,225 2,343 15.021 Pounds 523,396 298,400 90,050 7,250 478,196 506,573 57,042 123,854 8112.276 76,350 19,040 1,S12 94.080 89,363 13,752 27,5 11 Pounds 2,013,180 3,512,038 893,762 1,625,439 490,503 2,283,759 7,309,782 5,748,424 827,472 $366,059 657,108 183,998 191,820 93,068 400,006 1.296,930 755,048 165,791 1.815.231 343,561 2,084,761 134,21 I 24,704,359 4,109,828 Green or Ripe Apples Barrels 1,637 2,232 319 114.638 37,218 4,360 6,368 2,510 1,633 4,890 7,435 15,653 21,368 3,625 1,220,962 236.423 33,417 61,865 33,250 20,233 30,980 61,521 Barrels 1,167 21,575 83,548 15,166 3,945 9,671 157 2,742 4,835 11,648 230,683 815,033 98,379 35,251 85,577 2,005 22,836 43,066 Barrels 33,281 117,586 34,950 1.209.855 158,859 23,565 26,548 15,159 16,880 15,682 30,002 393,818 1,697,143 United Kingdom 9,557,126 1,131,728 193,511 245,726 207,822 206,530 105,383 285,310 Philippine Islands .... All other 213.270 1,739,297 142,806 1,344,178 1,712,367 14,471,282 September, 1920 Shites, Canada 14.3 per cent, Germany 10.1 per cent, and all other countries 9.8 per cent. As the Australian apples are mar- keted from May to August and the English crop from September to No- vember, American exports are nat- urally largest from November to May, when the new crop is available at the most opportune time for marketing it in European countries. From the pre- war calendar year 1913 figure of $3.80 per barrel for fresh apples to $8.45 in 1919 an increase of 122 per Cent is shown in the average annual export price. Since the colonial period the United Kingdom has offered the principal foreign market for fresh American apples, to which has been added in more recent times other British do- minions, particularly Canada and Aus- tralia. Prior to the war Germany also bought liberally of the fresh fruit. In the fiscal year 1914, of the five fiscal years, 1914 to 1918, the United Kingdom took 60 per cent of the quantity and 59 per cent of the value of the total exports of fresh apples from this country. During the fiscal years 1910 to 1914 the United Kingdom took an average of 65.8 per cent of the total quantity of fresh apples exported from the United Fruit Growers Start Box Factory Unable to obtain sufficient boxes in .the Yakima and Wenatchee districts, a number of fruitgrowers there have en- gaged in the manufacture of boxes in Portland, Oregon. The plant of the new concern, which is known as the Bede Box & Lumber Company, is located on the Columbia river in North Portland. The new plant which has just been started is now turning out 20,000 boxes a day, and next year the owners expect to greatly increase the output. Although delayed in starting by the failure of machinery to arrive, the plant will turn out this year 600,000 boxes, which will be shipped - to the Yakima and Wenatchee districts. A feature of the plant is that it is manufacturing the boxes direct from the logs — a process that is said to be from 15 to 20 per cent, cheaper than the usual one of utilizing lumber. Equipped with electric power and the most modern box making machinery, the cost of manufacture is reduced to a minimum. The plant is 50x150 feet, and has a frontage on the river of 700 feet. Next year dry kilns will be built and other improvements made. The men directly connected with the management of the enterprise are D. B. Loughlin, M. Harkema and D. H. Arm- strong. The Package for Apples 7 apple boxes Universal Package Pack right in the field. Saves time! Ship direct to market without repacking. Covers fastened tightly without nails. No injury to fruit when inspected. This strong package prevents crushing of apples. Apples bring higher prices when displayed in this clean attractive package. Write for prices TODAY PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 106 East Jefferson Street, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA Highest Quality Western Yellow Pine If you wish to make sure of a supply of well made boxes at fair prices, let us place your orders. Carloads Only SPOKANE FRUIT GROWERS CO. Spokane, Washington Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES \Y, n:i,K- Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1919 CATALOG FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" ISERS MENTION BETTE September, i 9 2o BETTER FRUIT Apple Crop Estimated at 175,000 Cars THE Denver & Rio Grande Railroad The total estimated shipment of Company has recently issued a commercial apples for North America report on the estimated volume of this for this season is 175,500 carloads, year's commercial apple crop in the Barrels are scarce and are costing United States and Canada. The re- growers from $1.25 to .$1.50; boxes port is based upon data secured from are costing growers from 27 to 32c. personal night letter reports received It is predicted a large volume of from members of the American Rail- apples will move in bulk, way Development Association living The average all-around condition or in commercial apple districts of the quality is 70 per cent against a ten- United States and also stale board of year average of 61 per cent, agriculture statisticians, the fruit com- The final estimate of the apple crop missioner of Canada and Canadian in the United States for 1919 was Pacific Railroad. about 130,000 cars. _ % of Crop Estimated Volume of Container District I'JIO 1920 1020 Crop in Cars Used 1. New York 34 86 20,000 Bbl. 2. Penn 40 80 2,150 Bbl. 3. Md., Va. and W. Va 43 62 22,000 Bbl. 4. S. E. Group (Tcnn., Ga., Ala., N. C.) 25 68 3,750 Bbl. & Box 5. Michigan 42 82 11,730 Bbl. 6. Ohio and Ind 20 65 « 7,000 Bbl. & Bu. Bskl. 7. Illinois 26 65 9,000 Bbl. 8. Ozarks (Mo. and Ark.) 72 47 5,230 Bbl. 9. Colo, and Utah 58 79 4,500 Box 10. N. W. District (Mont.. Ida., Wash, and Oregon) 81 71 25,000 Box 11. Canada 90 70 12,600 Bbl. & Box Transplanting Deciduous Fruit Trees By J. C. Whitten, Professor of Pomology, University of California THE growth and development made by a deciduous fruit tree the first years it is in the orchard is perhaps more important in determining its pro- ductivity and efficiency than is any other year in its life history. In handl- ing the tree every possible precaution should be taken to avoid drying the roots by unnecessary exposure to the air; the roots should not be bent or kinked in planting; dead, fibrous root- lets should be pruned away; the roots should not be exposed to freezing tem- peratures; usually the tree should be set no deeper than it stood in the nursery (most fruit trees are set too deep) ; the soil should be pressed firmly about the roots; the roots should not be bruised in handling; roots and tops should be properly pruned at the time of planting; the tree should be white- washed as soon as possible after plant- ing in winter. Most of these suggestions are well understood by the experienced fruit grower; most of them are well neglected by the average operator who plants the tree. If most of our trans- planted fruit trees live we are apt to think they were properly handled. As a matter of fact fruit trees are tenacious of life. They may endure lots of abuse and still live, but abuse weakens them. In my judgment more than half the fruit trees planted yearly in the United States make less than half the growth they should make the first year in the orchard. These observations should not be regarded as a reflection upon the fruit grower, for it is the successful fruit grower with whom I have been intimately associated, who first called these suggestions to my attention. Some of them have been still farther empha- sized by investigations which these fruit growers stimulated. Before planting the trees the soil should be plowed to a good depth and as carefully pulverized as is required for a seed bed. If there is a hard plow- sole beneath, the plow should be fol- lowed by a subsoiler. If the land is crusty or cloddy on top, it should be disked to pulverize the surface before plowing. This avoids turning under large clods, which can not be pulver- ized by the disk or harrow after the plowing is done. Such clods turned under leave air spaces which will dry out. If the subsoil is reasonably porous, the use of dynamite will not be neces- sary. If there is a shell of impervious hardpan a few feet below the surface it is advisable to explode a stick or half stick of dynamite below each tree hole to crack through the hardpan shell to porous subsoil below. If hard subsoil is too deep to crack through to a porous layer beneath, the value of dynamite is doubtful. It may form an undrained water pocket below the tree. Dynamite should be used only when the subsoil is dry and brittle, so it will be shat- tered by the blast. Dynamiting wet wet subsoil puddles it. If the soil has been thoroughly work- ed throughout the orchard, the holes should be dug only deep enough and wide enough to accommodate the nat- ural spread of the roots of the trees. If the holes are dug deep the soil and young trees may settle after planting, leaving the tree set too deep. If, how- ever, replants are being set in an estab- lished orchard the holes should be dug deep and broad enough to cut back the roots of surrounding trees, so they can not compete with the roots of the re- plant. Often the roots of three or four year old trees may spread to the open- ings where replants have died out. Every reasonable precaution should be taken to avoid exposure of the roots of the trees to the air in handling. The tops of trees are adapted to exposure to dry air; the roots are not. Even under favorable conditions the roots of trees Page ip are necessarily exposed more than is good for them, between digging in the nursery and setting in the orchard. When received from the nursery, trees should be "heeled" in a trench, getting moist soil pressed firmly in contact with the roots as soon as possible. In handl- ing trees to "heel" them in or to plant them in the orchard the roots should be dipped in a thin "puddle" of soil and water to hold a moist layer on the roots and avoid drying. Careful experiments covering several seasons show that any exposure of the roots to drying out weakens them, and that the more they are exposed between digging and plant- ing the less growth they make, the larger percentage that will die the first season and the more susceptible they become to sunscald, borers and many other troubles. It is a fact not heretofore generally known that the roots of fruit trees are easily injured by slight freezing. The roots are adapted to soil temperatures which rarely fall more than a few de- grees below freezing, even in northern climates. Careful investigations show that the roots of our hardiest fruit trees, such as the northern native plum, are usually killed at a temperature of twenty-two degrees, or ten degrees be- low freezing. The roots of peaches, ATTENTION! Boys and Girls I want to hear from every boy and girl who would be willing to devote just about one hour's spare time. I will reward them for their services with choice of the following articles: Premo Cameras Raincapes Rain Hats Flashlights Beautiful pencil boxes with as- sortment of pencils and pens Fancy stationery, and many other beautiful articles. And for those who would like to start in the Poultry business, f will start them by supplying pure-bred Chickens Free. For full particulars enter your name and address on the coupon be- low and tell me what you would like to have. I will tell you how easy it is to get it. B. MARCUM, Director of Circulation, sun Oregonian Bldg., Portland. Oregon. Please (ell me how I r:in secure (name article desired.) Mj name is Address Post Office Page 20 apricots and the more tender fruits usually "kill" at five or six degrees of frost. The wood within the roots quick- ly turns brown at such temperatures, while the wood of the stems and branches may endure temperatures far below zero without injury. Such trees may look all right when planted, but may fail to grow and finally shrivel in the orchard because the roots were dead. The roots may be badly injured even by two or three degrees of frost. It is safer not to expose the roots to the air whenever the temperature is as low as thirty-two degrees Fahr. BETTER FRUIT The tree should be set so as to retain the natural spread of the roots. A main root should not be crooked in setting. Bending a root restricts the passage of water through the water tubes in the wood. It is almost impossible to firm the soil around a very long root with- out leaving kinks in it. It is safer to cut long roots to six or eight inches in length, so they will not be bent in tamping the soil about them. In handling nursery trees most of the small, fibrous roots die before the tree is finally set in the orchard. If left on the roots they are not only use- "In Every Respect" says the Good Judge You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste Iasjts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. That's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacco RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco 1107 Broadway. New York City Ridley,Houlding&Co, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy September, 1020 less but are injurious to the tree. These dead, curling fibres prevent getting the soil in close, firm contact with the larger main roots, which are alive and which must be depended upon to supply the top with water from the soil until new fibrous roots form. The small, dead fibres should be pruned away, cutting them within about one-fourth or one- half inch of the main root — usually the basal stubs of these small roots remain alive. Their cut ends increase greatly the absorbing surface of the roots, until new root growth begins. Usually the tree should be planted no deeper than it stood in the nursery. The young tree forms its roots in the nursery at that depth which is most congenial to their development. New root growth starts more promptly where the soil warms first near the surface. Deep set roots often do not start new growth until the trees are out in leaf and thus calling for much water to supply that which is evaporated from the leaves. Most planters set trees too deep. The earlier roots start growth after planting, the deeper they will grow during the season and the more satisfactory will be the growth of the tree above ground. In transplanting trees from a nursery having a heavy, cool soil, to an orchard with loose, sandy, well aired soil, which warms and dries quickly to a good depth, the roots may be set correspondingly deeper. This point can hardly be over-empha- sized. To get the soil firm it should be tramped firmly with the heels from the bottom of the hole up. If as much as six inches of soil is filled into the hole without tramping it can not be made firm about the roots. To get water enough the roots must come in close contact with thoroughly compacted soil in which there are no large pockets. Press between roots rather than against them. Bruised roots can not make proper growth and are susceptible to crown-gall, oak fungus, root insects or diseases that may enter through wounds. Shorten this whip to twenty-four or thirty inches in height. This gives op- portunity to space the new limbs six or eight inches apart, where they arise from the trunk, when they start in spring. About three main limbs should be arise from the trunk the first year. The intervening shoots should be pinched back to three or four leaves each. This will encourage full develop- ment of the main branches where they are desired. The short intervening, leafy twigs, shade the trunk and elabo- rate plant food to favor greater growth of the tree. If the tree is well branched at the time of planting, three or four strong nursery limbs may be allowed to remain, properly shortened, to be- come the first framework of the tree. The whitewash reflects the heat on sunny days and prevents sunscald which begins while the tree is dormant Whitewashed trees do not burn or dry out, their buds remain fresh and vigor ous and they will make stronger growth ERTISERS ME BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 After the Crops Are Harvested Comes Painting Time PAINT lengthens the life of your home, buildings and machinery Fall is a good time for painting. Don't put it off another season if there's anything on the farm that needs paint. Exposed surfaces mean swift decay, decreased values on your property, loss of money. Get busy with the paint brush and FULLER paint while the weather permits. Remember that it's not what it costs to paint, it's what it costs not to paint. There's a FULLER Product for everything with a paintable surface W. P. FULLER & CO. Look up'a FULLER Dealer in your nearest town 1849-1920 Northwest Branch Houses'at Portland, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Boise n^ Automobiles Or .^n^\. WFCL ror Furniture ■ill ^ W^ §M^^ p^SfbrBdrnJ andSfteda For Watts and Woodwork BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There OREGON Hood River apple growers figure that the increase in freight rates will cost that section an additional s200,000 this year. The increase will apply to about 75 per cent of the crop from that district which will move to points east of the Mississippi river and also to ship- ments that will go to California. The sale of the J. D. Housley pear orchard at Medford to County Pathologist C. C. Cate is reported. The orchard consists of 40 acres in pears in a fine state of cultivation and the sale price as announced is $23,000. Another sale of orchard property in the Rogue River valley recently of more than usual interest was the transfer of the Austin Corbin ranch near Eagle Point to Fred C. Bell, a Chicago capitalist. The Corbin ranch consists of 250 acres, 49 of which are in pears, 71 in apples and l!0 in grain. The remainder is in meadow and woodland. The sale price was $80.00". according to the reports from that section. Mr. Bell, it is stated, expects to manage the ranch personally. Two Royal Anne cherry trees at Roseburg, Oregon, are said to have netted their owners ¥250 for theii fruit this season. According to the announcement of a local fruit buyers at Salem, the loganberry crop within a radius of ten miles of that city amounted to 0,000,000 pounds of berries and should return to the growers at the prevailing price of 13 cents per pound approximately -N.MI.IIIIII. Reports from The Dalles are to the effect that there has been a very marked recovery by the orchards in that section from the ef- fects of the extreme cold of the past winter and that the damage was practically limited to cherry trees. It is estimated that $40,000 will be distrib- uted this year among the farmers and or- chardists in the Hermiston district from honey sales. The bees, to produce this honey, were pastured on the alfalfa fields and orchards in the Umatilla project in this section, which was developed some years ago. A number of the leading handlers of fruit in the Rogue River valley have recommended that all fruit to be packed in that district be wiped before delivery to the packing houses. This action has been taken to meet the ob- jections of some of the eastern horticultural inspectors against fruit showing an excessive amount of arsenate of lead spray. The pear harvest in the Hood River valley, which commenced the latter part of August, as well as the harvest of Kings and Graven- steins, is said to be showing a considerable reduction as compared to the early crop of pears and early apples last year. The pear crop in the Hood River valley is now esti- mated at about 45 per cent of that of last year, when something over 113 cars were shipped. The harvest of the main apple crop in this section is expected to begin this year about October 1. There will be sufficient local labor, it is stated, to handle the pear crop and outside help will not be needed until October. The Myrtle Point district is figuring that when the evergreen blackberry crop is fully harvested between $15,000 and $18,000 will have been paid out for this fruit in that sec- tion. The berries are being handled by the Myrtle Point cannery. While most people do not in any way con- nect the Tillamook country with the fruit business, considerable interest is being taken there in developing the berry business. There were about 50 acres in loganberries in the Tillamook country this year and the nearby foothills produced $15,000 worth of black- berries. The moist climate of the Tillamook country seems to be especially adapted to the growing of loganberries, which attain a larger size than in any other section of the state. Loganberries at Tillamook attain a size of 1% to 2 inches and in addition yield heavily. The berry products of the Tillamook country are being largely handled by the Graves Can- ning Company, which has a small plant lo- cated in the Cheese City. A beginning has also been made in this district in growing strawberries. The prune crop in the Sheridan district, which will be largely handled this year by the Oregon Growers Cooperative Association, is expected to be largest in the history of that section. A 40-tunnel dryer, which the asso- ciation is having erected there, is rapidly nearing completion and will greatly aid in solving the dryer problem of the growers, which last year was serious. There will also be a large apple crop in the Sheridan district of fine quality this year. The pear crop of the Rogue River valley, the harvesting of which was started about the middle of August, will total 700 cars, accord- ing to local estimates. The shipment of apples is expected to reach 500 cars. The yield of pears, it is stated, is 15 per cent greater than was anticipated early in the season. Mention is made of the fact that for the fist time in the history of the fruit business in Oregon solid trainloads of pears were shipped this year from the Southern and Western Oregon districts. F. L. Kent, field agent for the bureau of crop estimates, places the Oregon apple crop at 3,425,000 boxes for 1920. Of this estimate, Mr. Kent reports that about 60 per cent is of commercial quality. The 1919 apple crop was 5.570,000 bushels, showing that there is a big falling off in the estimate for this year's crop. SPECIFICATIONS Weight: 166 lbs. Material: Carefully selected Western Fir an'd Pine. Oversize wrought iron shaft- ing and rods used throughout. Castings carefully moulded in our own foundry with a view not only for appearance, but great strength. Finish: Handsome- ly finished with three coats of high-grade paints and varnishes. Floor Space: Depth, 40 ins. Height, 50 ins. Width, 26 ins. The Success Box Lid Press is as fine a product for the Or- chardist, the small and large packing house, as ingenuity and thorough inves- tigation, combined with loner experience, can produce. It is equipped with strip- per rack, folding shelf for lids and cleat hol- der rack, with lugs on both sides and back for gravity con- veyor. Success Box Lid Press Price Complete, $75.00; less 5% cash with order Dealers, write for territory. Good sales assured. SUCCESS SEED GRADER CO., Inc. Manufacturers: Success Seed Graders, Pea and Bean Threshers and Orchard Supplies SPOKANE, WASHINGTON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT CAPACITY For the rapid, eco- nomical and conven- ient handling of fruit boxes of various sizes at highest speed. Adjustable arms of great strength and rigidity makes this possible. Automatic positive patented foot clutch, single pedal, rever- sible ratchet and dog add immensely to both speed and dur- ability of the press. Pressmen who have used them, claim the Success will outlast and outw ork any other press on the American market. It receives or delivers boxes from either side or rear over a f rictionless c u r v e d metal bottom, which eliminates the neces- sity of ever having to lift the box as it is being received or de- livered. This press will positively cut your expense and in- crease your profits. September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Pase 2? Cherry orchardists at Cove, who, in 1917, signed ;i three-year contract to market their cherries for $80 per ton, are said to have seen their fruit this year sell on a readv market at $200 to $150 per ton. The Oregon Agricultural College, which will hold its horticultural show November 5 and 6, is planning to have it outdo all former ex- hibits. An attractive program and premium list is being arranged and the college an- nounces that it will pay express charges on all fruit sent it for exhibition, but will retain the fruit after the show for its own use. Strawberry plants for fall setting are re- ported to be in strong demand, although prices are ruling high. The strawberry acre- age that will be set in the state this fall and next spring it is reported will be extensive. Clayton L. Long, formerly of the University of Ohio, has been appointed extension horti- cultural specialist at the Oregon Agricultural College. Mr. Long took up his duties at the O. A. C, August 1st. The prune crop of Oregon and Clarke county, Washington, for this year, is estimated by C. I. Lewis, organization manager of the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association, at 60,000,000 pounds of dried fruit. The Oregon prune crop, as estimated from other sources, is place at .",0,000.000 pounds. The apple crop of Western Oregon is placed at 1000 to 1100 cars. Open air meetings and picnics of the mem- bers of the Oregon Growers' Association, which were held during the month of August at Salem and Roseburg, were well attended. Interesting programs were provided. The prin- cipal speaker at the Salem meeting was Dr. F. M. Coleman, editor of the Sunsweet Standard, house organ of the California Prune and Apricot Growers' Association. Others who There are Ladders and Ladders But The Ladder for you is The Hardie Light- and strong, clear, well-seasoned spruce, re-inforced under each step, wide spreading side legs makes this the ideal picking ladder. Your pickers will work faster because they know they are safe. The Hardie Mfg. Co. 55 No. Front St., Portland, Ore. 222 No. Los Angeles St., Los Angeles, Cal were on the program to speak were Senator Charles L. McN'ary, Prof. H. P. Barss, Prof. A. L. Lovett and C. I. Lewis. WASHINGTON. Apricots and peaches from the Yakima val- ley, which went on the market in the early- part of August, brought good prices according to a report on crops and crop movements in Washington, made by M. L. Dean, chief of the state division of horticulture. Early prices for apricots reached $150 per ton, although later the price declined. The prices received for peaches ran from $1.00 to $1.25 per box. Contract prices for Bartlett pear canning stock were started at $70 per ton, with later offers of s'10 per ton reported. The Bartlett pear crop in the Yakima valley is variously estimated at 000 to 1200 cars. Believing that this is a year when grade will cut a big figure in the price of box apples, Mr. Dean is warning growers to bring both grade and pack up to the top notch. Owing to the uncertainty of transporta- tion conditions, apple buyers, he says, will insist on the fruit being in the best pos- sible condition before it leaves the point of production. The melon acreage in the state of Washing- ton showed a considerable increase this year over that of 1919. Approximately 2,000 cars of cantaloupes and 500 acres of watermelons, it is estimated, will be shipped during the present season. Wenatchee is one of the Washington districts that has a bumper crop of pears and 550 car- loads are reported to have been contracted for in that district at prices ranging from $70 to $80 per ton. With the other fruit-shipping districts in Washington, Wenatchee is entering a strong protest against the recent increase in freight rates on apples. It is estimated that this dis- trict will have to pay from $1,350,000 to $1,- 875,000 more in freight rates under the in- crease than it paid last year. The second annual prune harvest festival, which will be held under the auspices of the Prunarians, will take place at Vancouver, Wash., this year, September 16 to 18. In ad- dition to the entertainment that will be pro- vided for visitors, there will be cash premiums offered for fruit, nuts, vegetables and other farm exhibits, as well as boys' and girls' club displays. A canning exhibit will be another feature. Fruit Growers Eliminate the 3 Bs BUMPS and BRUISES If one BUMP equals one BRUISE, if one BRUISE equals the difference between Extra Fancy and Fancy apples, if that difference equals a material difference in your profits then you have REASON No. 1 why you should haul your apples in a two-ton pneumatic tired GMC TRUCK. BUGS If the BUGS on your fruit trees in the spring of the year affect your crop then you have REASON No. 2 why you should buy a GMC TRUCK and equip it with an ordinary three-cylinder pump with a 200-gallon tank on a sub-frame and spray with a saving of 60 % over horse operation. Think over these two reasons and then INVESTIGATE GMC TRUCKS BEFORE YOU INVEST. Seattle EUMMP6 Ej^ SALES (Q Yakima OpOKcinC GMC ON A TRUCK IS LIKE USA ON A BOND Wtilltl Wtllltl VIIEN WRITING ADVERTISERS Page 24 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 H. A. Glen, agent of the Northern Pacific at Yakima, has completed his estimate of lead- ing crops of the Yakima valley which will require refrigerator car service. Mr. Glen . says there will be 150 cars of peaches this year, as compared with 2.000 last year; 425 cars of melons and cantaloupes as compared with 400; 500 cars of mixed fruit as compared with 350; between 10,000 and 11,000 carloads of apples as compared with 11,540 carloads last season. Mr. Glen's apple estimate is gen- erally accepted with surprise. Most orchard- ists had believed the crop this year would be far less than that a year ago, but Mr. Glen explains the fruit will be larger and there will be fewer culls, though probably not so many apples. Many Washington shippers are said to be already making preparations to secure space in refrigerated steamships sailing from Seattle to New York, via the Panama canal. In case the full increases in freight rates granted to the railroads stay in effect, it is claimed apples can be shipped much more cheaply by steamer through the canal than by rail. The Wenatchee section of the Spokane fruit district, comprising Chelan, Okanogan, Douglas and Grant counties, will produce only 9533 carloads of apples in 1920, compared with 12.500 cars raised last year, according to Dis- trict Horticultural Inspector P. S. Darlington's estimate recently completed. Virtually every portion of the district shows a decrease. We- natchee and vicinity, which last year grew 3825 cars of apples, will have only 2050 this year. Cashmere shows an increase from 1392 cars last year to 1500, forecast for 1920. Omak shipped 663 cars last year and will have only 450 this year. Okanogan drops from 330 to 290', Brewster from 332 to 250, Entiat from 577 to 450, Pateros from 440 to 275, Olds from 828 to 600, Dryden from 480 to 350 and Peshas- tin from 460 to 350, according to the estimate. Monitor indicates a slight increase from 628 cars last year to an estimated crop of 700 cars this year. Mallott, Wagnersburg and Chelan Falls all have the same estimated yield as last year, and Chelan, which yielded 484 cars last year should have an increase to 500 this year, according to the July estimate. Grant county will just about hold its own with about 300 cars. The Moses Coulee sec- tion will ship 125 cars, the same as last year, it is estimated. The yield of summer fruit in the district this year is given as 1,000 cars, compared with about 1,400 cars last year. Pears show r an estimated increase from 500 to 550 cars, cherries are the same at 100 ears, but peaches and apricots show a heavy fall- ing off. The first Winter Banana apples of the sea- son were shipped out of Wenatchee July 29 for Alaska. This is the earliest shipment of winter apples out of the district by about 10 days. A number of new fruit warehouses, costing several thousand dollars each, will be erected by the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company, ac- cording to an announcement by Luther N. Flagg, president. The new buildings will be erected to handle this season's apple crop and will be located in several of the districts in- cluded in the organization of the Spokane fruit growers. Despite unusually dry weather, the apple crop in Arcadia is reported to be looking un- usually promising. It was found necessary in some sections, to do considerable thinning to secure a good harvest of extra fancy stock. Work on the warehouse, 60 by 100 feet, at Ar- cadia is progressing. The structure will be completed by October 1. The growers' asso- ciation begins at once the erection of another warehouse at Denison to care for the harvest at that point. This building will be 50 by 130 feet, of concrete construction. Meet Me at the Big Hood River Fair Sept. 17th and 18th Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple, Pear, Cherry. Peach. Plum. Prune, Apricot, Quince, Grape Vines. I Shrubbery, Plants. Raspberries. Black- berries, Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. Roses, Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Expert Orchard Service We contract the planting and care of Nut Groves, Fruit Orchards and Berry Farms. Run down properties inspected and methods of renovation outlined. Inspection of orchards for absentee owners and for prospective buyers. Sales of choice Nut, Fruit and Berry Properties. /We are Agricultural College Graduates \ \ with a wide orthnnling < \perience / PEARCY BROS., Salem, Oregon The Real Primer Fastest, Smoothest Cutting and Most Powerful Practical Pruner on the Market. A Real Pruner That Makes Pruning Easy. SAVES TIME, TREES AND MONEY WHY? BECAUSE— It makes a perfectly smooth cut and does not crush the fiber, thereby leaving the ends of the limbs open to the ruinous attack of insects. It has a steel hook that will not bend out of line. Both hands on the pruner at all times gives perfect control. The instant you hook over a limb you cut it off no matter at what angle. No limb too hard or tough. It cuts them easy. Simple in construction. Nothing to get out of order. Always open. All parts are die stamped and interchangeable and can be replaced at any time. Endorsed by pruning experts. It Has No Competition — One Demonstration Proves It All. The Real Pruner will be demonstrated at the Oregon State Fair, Septem- ber 27-October 2. Do not fail to see it. Manufactured by The Real Pruner Co. P. 0. Box 123 SALEM, OREGON NEW CROP — Vetches, Alfalfa, Clovers, Grains, Grasses Selected Recleaned Farm and Field; Seed at Lowest Market Prices. Special Mixtures for Wet Land— Dry Land — Burns — Permanent Hay Crops and Pastures Cover Crops for Orchards -Dry Land Pasture Mixtures n| ;EEMA^. R ATOR|»| ¥ hatg ; o^ fj Sk i ..ed Y a ,ITY" Seeds lalyat and all "DIAMOND jn'd GERMINATION WRITE TODAY FOR SAMPLES mmtyMbht Or send in your order direct. We guarantee full value for tie money sent and -sill give your inquiries our prompt and careful attention Ajfc/orCafa'o«No. 200 Portland m® Go, We*tem Agent* "CLIPPER" FANNING MILLS VHEN WRITI September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 IDAHO. H. A. Lyon, director of the Bureau of Mar- kets, has issued a statement in regard to Idaho's fruit crop prospects, in which he says: "Idaho anticipates a bounteous harvest this season and if prices remain good, farmers of the Gem state are bound to be prosperous, as an excellent crop from the field and the or- chard is the present outlook. "For the first time, the true orchard acreage of the state is known and files of the Idaho Department of Agriculture give a description as to acreage and varieties of every orchard. These recods show 20,759 acres of apples, 3,962 acres of Italian prunes, 308 acres of cherries, ISO acres of peaches, 50 acres of apricots, and 284 acres of pears, or a total of 31,848 acres. With such records as a guide, it has been possible to make a worth-while estimate of production from the visitation and reports of 22 horticultural inspectors. "The detailed estimate shows 4,769 cars of apples, 1,818 cars of prunes, 64 cars of cher- ries, and 5 cars of pears, with peaches a minus quantity, because of severe winter kill- ing. However, when deductions are made for home orchards and home consumption, it ap- pears that Idaho will ship about 4,000 cars of apples, or approximately the same amount as last year. In 1919, the Boise valley had a small crop, while the Payette section, includ- ing Fruitland, had plenty of apples, but this year the tables are turned about and the Boise valley has a bumper crop of both apples and prunes, with an estimate of somewhere near 800 cars of apples and 1,000 cars of prunes. "Nineteen twenty has seen the Bureau of Plant Industry putting over as good a cam- paign against orchard pests and diseases as any state can boast of, and it is expected that the four or five hundred cars of culls of 1919 will be reduced to less than 100 cars for the present season. Through the efforts of the State Department of Agriculture in its rigid inspection of shipments, as well as orchards, fruit growers have come to a realization that thoroughness and caution are essential if fruit growing is to be profitable. "Few states, if any, have as extensive and efficient a system of grading as does Idaho and fruit growers as well as farmers in gen- eral are rapidly coming to a real appreciation of the superior prices which come from the production and sale of products of real quality." The harvesting of early apples has com- menced at Lewiston, Idaho. For the first time in several years a considerable part of the crop will be labeled "hail-marked," as the western section of Lewiston orchards was hit by a severe hail storm several weeks ago. j. i,ui). Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets You can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, and on the Euro- pean Continent. This means quick handling, considerable economies and the fruit being sold in the freshest possible condition, which means greater returns. For dependable export information write or wire us at 60 State St., Boston, Mass. or 97 Warren St. , New York City. With the cherry crop in the Lewiston, Idaho, district at about half its normal output, it is estimated that the tonnage from the valley reached 90 carloads this year, including the cannery pack. Sixty-two carloads were shipped out by the American Express Company, and the Oregon Packing Company says it canned 100 tons of the Clarkston cherries alone. The shipment of cherries in barrels was an im- portant item at Lewiston this year. Approxi- mately 500 barrels of 250 pounds each, or a total of 125,000 pounds, in from seven to eight carloads, were shipped by Bailey and Wicks of this place to the Puyallup Fruit Growers' Association, at Puyallup. These were all of the Royal Anne variety. Contracts have been made at Latah, Idaho, at if 60 a ton bulk for pears, the growers pick- ing the pears in boxes furnished by the can- nery and delivering them to the railroad. What They Are Doing In California The California apple crop is estimated this year at .1,500,000 boxes, as compared to about 5,000,000 boxes last year. According to a statement from the California Peach Growers' Association, the opening prices on dried peaches for 1920 should net growers 17 cents a pound as against slightly less than 15 cents a pound in 1919. The prune crop in Butte county, California, is said to be exceptional this year in that 80 per cent of the crop is averaging 50s in size. A heavy percentage of the crop will run to 30s and 40s, it is predicted. Another dehydrating plant, which will be erected at Paso Robles, it is believed, will adequately take care of all the fruit and vegetable tonnage in that district. With the building of the new plant, Paso Robles will have three drying plants. In the San Luis Obispo district one firm has placed an order for 30,000 almond trees to be planted this fall, and it is stated that there is a probability of the planting of 1,000,000 almond trees in this county this season. A large cannery is also in prospect in this dis- trict to take care of a prospective planting of 1,000 acres of tomatoes. The chambers of commerce in many of the districts in California have started a campaign to insure labor for harvesting fruit and have very materially assisted ranches in getting the needed help during the fruit season. Prices for the 1920 prune crop which were recently announced by the board of directors of the California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., assure the prune growers who are mem- bers of the association another golden harvest equal in value to the record-breaking one of last year, according to a statement just issued by the association. The prices named are three cents a pound higher than last year's prices on 20-30's, from a cent to a cent and a half higher on the next thee sizes, the same price as last year for 60-70's and slightly lower on the smaller and less desirable sizes. On sizes from 20-30's to 60-70's inclusive, which usually comprise about 73 per cent of the crop, the average price for this year's crop is one and a third cents a pound above the price the growers received for these sizes last year. The prices announced for 1920 crop of prunes are: Sunsweet quality, 20-30's, 25 cents a pound fiat; 30-40's, 17 cents bulk basis; 40-50's, 15>/i cents bulk basis; 50-60's, 13 cents bulk basis; 60-70's, 11% cents bulk basis; 70-80's, 10% cents bulk basis; 80-90's, 9V> cents bulk basis; 90-100's, 9% cents bulk basis. Growers' Quality was set a half a cent a pound less than Sunsweet. Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruitgrowing There were 10,200.899 pounds of shelled walnuts, valued at $5,317,276, imported into the United States during the calendar year 1919. The greater amount of these walnuts were imported from France. According to reports from the eastern barrel apple-raising districts there is a gain of nearly 1,000,000 barrels of apples over the crop of hist year. The information is also forthcom- ing that barreled stock will be more care- fully guarded this year than formerly. This is said to be particularly line in the eastern states, where the competition between box and barreled fruit is the keenest. Notwithstanding the fact that attention has been repeatedly called t<> tin- fart that it is necessary to take extra care hi preparing box apples lor export, the t nlted States Bureau of Markets is again warning shippers to se- lect the strongest boxes for the export trade and to have them secured with iron straps. BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT September, iq?o The Northwestern Lid Press The last operation in harvesting should be done with extreme care. No other press will give you as perfect pressed and lidded boxes as the Northwestern. A pack of which you can be proud. The automatic lid placing device insures accurate placing of the lids. Enables the operator to properly lid more boxes in a day. Anyone can be an expert on. a Northwestern Press. Send for descriptive catalogue. / Place your order now through your local dealer or direct to us. Send for free catalogue of Orchard and Packing House Supplies. The Hardie Mfg. Co. 55 No. Front St., Portland, Ore. 222 Los Angeles St., Los Angeles, Cal. Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER HAVE YOU BOUGHT** YOUR APPLE BOXES i If not, our advice is to buy now. The present car shortage is causing slow shipments. As crop movement gets under way this situation is certain to grow worse. We can furnish standard apple boxes, crates and cases of selected material, well manufactured. Standard or special shook to order. Our prices are right. Write today for our list. BLOEDEL DONOVAN LUMBER MILLS 1018 White Building Seattle, U.S. A. The long haul to the Atlantic seaboard, load- ing the boxes on the ships and the additional railroad haul on the other side of the conti- nent makes it necessary to have the export packages of fruit securely packed and bound. The International Apple Shippers' conven- tion, held in Chicago during the middle of August, was one of the most largely attended in the history of the organization. The new officers of the association are: E. T. Butter- worth, of Philadelphia, president; D. N. Mi nick, Chambersburg, Pa., vice-president; George W. Davidson, New Orleans, treasurer; R. G. Phillips, Rochester, N. Y., secretary. The executive committee are: \V. L. Wagner, Chicago, chairman; Wayne M. French, New York ; J. J. Castellini, Cincinnati ; E. H. Neustadtl, Milwaukee; Edgar W. J. Hearty, Roston. An announcement from Consul General Skin- ner at London is to the effect that the British Food Controller has released both domestic and foreign apples from price control in Great Britain from August 1 to November 14, after which the maximum control retail price will be resumed, at 20 cents instead of 18 cents per pound. A new schedule of whole- sale prices on fruit is said to be in course of preparation. The New York State Evaporators' Associa- tion, which handles one of the largest outputs of dried apples in the country, looks forward to a successful season, according to a state- ment made by The Evaporator. It is not be- lieved, however, that although there is a much larger prospective crop of apples for drying, that prices will rule much lower than last year, when 1 5to 18 cents per pound was paid for the loose product. A noted visitors to the Northwest during the month of August, who is interested in the fruit industry, was Emilio Schenk, professor in an agricultural institution in Brazil. Professor Schenk, who visited Southern Oregon, Hood River and other sections, spent his time study- ing apple and pear culture. He investigated the blight resistant pear stocks, which Pro- fessor F. C. Reimer is developing at Talent, Oregon. Professor Schenk made the statement that Brazil has 100 different kinds of pears and apples under cultivation, but that few commercial orchards have been developed so far. The citrus fruit industry is largely en- gaging the attention of fruit growers in that country at the present time, according to Pro- fesso Schenk. Cannery Notes The Rupert cannery at Lebanon, Oregon, which this year was greatly enlarged, will handle a large tonnage of canning products in that district. The company is stimulating the interest of ranchers there in planting fruits and produce and expects that its intitution at Lebanon will eventually be one of the largest if not the largest in the state. It receives its products from a widespread territory around Lebanon as well as shipments from other sec- tions of the Willamette valley. A large quan- tity of loganberries were put up this year and its output of blackberries is expected to be one of the largest in the state. The cannery of the Puyallup and Sumner Fruit Growers' Canning Company at Albany successfully opened its canning season during July. The establishment, which is a large and modern one, employed 200 girls during the height of the season. Before the black- berry season closes it expects to handle 500 tons of this fruit. About eight tons of loganberries and an equal quantity of cherries was put up daily by the plant of the Brownsville Canning Com- pany at Forest Grove this year, during the season for these fruits. The cannery of the Eugene Fruit Growers* Association is reported to have canned a cherry crop of more than 2.000,000 pounds this sea- son. This is said to hi' the largest pack of cherries ever put up by a fruit cannery in Oregon. Eugene growers are reported to have received about $250,000 for their cherries this The plant of Libby. McNeil & Libby at Yak- ima, Wash., established a national record for the quantity of cherries canned this season, according to G. R. Kile, superintendent, who says over 739 tons of cherries were handled, as compared with 060 tons in 1018. Ten tons of cherries a day is the canning reord this season of the cannery at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. At the price of loganberries this year, grow- ers in the Willamette vallej section of Oregon received large returns from the canneries for their product. It is reported that for one week's delivery of loganberries a grower in "this district received a check for $10,863. WRITING ADVERTISERS ME BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 27 sykes System of Fruit Packing 2 BUSHELS GRAPEFRUIT EXPORT PACKAGE \ RED APPLES 1 4 Ot PACK 2 BUSHELS APPLES EXPORT PACKAGE 140 NEWTOWNS I20 NEWTOWNS 120 WINE SAPS ORANGES 1 PEACH BOX Ample Protection Proper Ventilation Thorough Refrigeration Effective Display Easier to Pack and Less Costly A BETTER WAY We will soon give you some remarkably favorable results of cold storage tests showing great improvement in SYKES pack compared to wrapped pack in the matter of scald. AMERICAN PAPER CO. Seattle, Washington BLAKE-McEALL CO. Portland, Oregon SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO. Spokane, Washington PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY San Francisco, California WHEN v, 1. Page 28 BETTER FRUIT Picking and Handling Fruit in the Orchard By C. B. Woods, Formerly Horticultural Inspector in Washington A FEW brief statements on picking and handling fruit in the orchard should be of interest and value to growers. In the first place growers should be equipped with good picking lad- ders for each picker. Climbing into the trees is a bad practice and should not be permitted as many fruit spurs are broken off in this way and branches scarred, making splendid quarters for insects, especially woolly aphis. Oftentimes the weight of a person bends the limbs down so much that the cambium breaks and the branches remain drooping instead of swinging back in place when relieved of their burden of fruit. Many branches are broken down entirely under the weight of a picker, hurting the shape of the tree. If a tree is properly trained, ladders can be placed so as to enable one to pick the entire crop without any trouble. A large part of the crop can be picked from the ground in most cases. How- ever, a picker should not be allowed to pull down on the branches as this may result in as much damage as climbing. Picking bags have not been a suc- cess for when filled with fruit they are subject to many bumps, each bump causing a loss of a dozen or more apples by bruising. Many times it is necessary to cull out from 50 to 60 per cent of a crop because of bruises and this means a big loss to the grower. A picking bucket has given much better results and saves a lot of fruit. Every fruitgrower is anxious to realize as much as possible from his orchard. To do this he must give the trees a great deal of care and atten- tion. In picking the fruit, do not take off all the fruit spurs as well, even though you may intend to sell your orchard soon after harvest for the new owner will be just as anxious to harvest good sized crops from these same trees. "A sheep shearer doesn't skin the sheep just to get the wool," though I dare say some of them are almost as bad as some apple pickers. Often a trunk full of spurs is found scattered under a tree after a day's run and it takes from three to four years to grow a good sturdy spur. In picking take the apple in the palm of the hand, not letting the tips of the fingers touch the fruit. Don't pull, but simply lift and turn the back of the hand toward the spur just a little and the apple is yours. It is much quicker and easier to do it this way HOOD RIVER FAIR Sept. 17 and 18 Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Livestock, Grains, Trucks, Tractors, Machinery, Automobiles, Art, Amusements. and means better crops in the future. All wheel conveyances should by all means be equipped with good springs for fruit hauling. All irri- gated fields should have roads run through them with a spring tooth har- row or an orchard cultivator just be- fore picking time. This will help to cut down your cull pile to a great extent. Care should be taken not to make boxes too full and then setting other boxes on top of them. This will not only bruise a few apples on top, but will hurt practically all the apples in September, 1920 the box. Apples which have just been picked should not be left in the or- chard exposed to the sun as they will sunburn quickly and this hurts their keeping quality. If there is no shelter in the orchard, get them out of the fields as fast as possible and place them in your packing house. Stock the fruit in such a way that it will have a good circulation of air. See to it that you have ample ventilation and give the place plenty of cool night air. Take care of the culls as fast as they accumulate as the worms are leaving the apples at this time in search of winter quarters and the packing house is usually good life in- surance for them. The Transmission of Power A transmission belt that will give continual and satisfactory service, will pay for itself in one season by eliminating costly shutdowns, etc. If you can depend upon your belt you are relieved of all worry. Don't peg along with a makeshift. You are losing money every day. "TEST SPECIAL" RUBBER BELTING No need to worry when there's a "TEST SPECIAL" on the job. Always running. No breaks, or shutdowns. TEST SPECIAL is guaranteed to give longer and better service than any other rubber belt made- See your Dealer. Any Dealer anywhere can buy "TEST SPECIAL." OUR FREE SERVICE DEPARTMENT Write us your belting trouble. We maintain a De- partment whose sole duty is to answer your queries. WRITE TODAY, giving the R. P. M. and diameter of the driving pulley — also driven pulley and distance between centers of same; also give the rated horse- power of your motor or engine, and name kind of machinery you are operating. We will reply imme- diately giving you our recommendation as to kind of belt to use. Write today. New York Belting and Packing Co. 519 Mission Street San Francisco Home Office S*G ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER September,' 1920 Observations On the Evaporation of Prunes Continued from page 5. high as twenty-two per cent without any apparent injury to the keeping quality of the prunes. It is desirable to have as high a moisture content as is compatible with good keeping qualities. As a rule, the prunes having the higher moisture content seem to have the better quality. It is to the interest of the growers that the best quality of prunes possible be placed on the market. The moisture must be dried out to a point where the prunes will keep well, but a point higher than that is undesir- BETTER FRUIT able both from the point of view of the quality of the fruit and from the point of view of profit to the growers. Table IV shows the effect of the drying time on the average weight per bushel se- cured in some of our prunes used in experiments. TABLE II.— EFFECT OF DRYING TIME. No. of A v. Wt. Trays Drying Time per bu. 174 .. .29 hrs. 13 min. 20.54 34.21% 235 19.88 33.13% 611 19.28 32.13% 325 19.20 32.00% 202 . . .77 hrs. 00 min. 18.49 30.81% The figures given in Table II were taken from data collected over a period of two years and represent the number Page 29 of trials in each case. The gradual de- crease of the drying percentage as time increases is probably a true indication of what may be expected with evapora- tion methods commonly practiced. Where prunes are dried very slowly, they have a tendency to take on a dull, unattractive appearance, and during the season of 1914 mold appeared on such fruit. With such prunes the temperature had probably been kept altogether too low. Drying Time Important. There seems to be very little change in the drying percentage until the drying time be- comes abnormally long. There is, how- .;v fm *s THE CREAT OLYMPIC FtEDMILL PORTLAND OHt SCRATCH FEE Gives Your Hens an Even Break YOU don't expect blood from a turnip. Likewise, unless you have supplied your fowls with plenty of backbone and strength, you cannot expect continual egg production. The best egg mash or tonic only assists the hen— it takes a strong, robust constitution to withstand steady laying. Such constitutions are the result of feeding (aHEBBg Scratch Feed. This strength-building feed contains the following properly balanced in- gredients: Wheat, Cracked Corn, Milo Maize, Hulled Barley, Hulled Oats, Sunflower Seed and Buckwheat. Made from carefully selected whole grains, cleaned and well mixed, you'll find no better poultry feed than WXIMXIS Scratch Feed. Every handful is uniform and free from dust. @55EEKg Scratch Feed comes in three classes or grain sizes. Baby Chick Scratch, with tiny but uniformly ground grains, suited for the first three week's feeding. Growing Chick Scratch, a little coarser grains, that appeal to the growing youngsters until about eight weeks old, is the next step. From Growing Chick Scratch they graduate to the full sized grains of OLYMPIC Scratch Feed. :-*. Portland Flouring Mills Co. ^Ifcx PORTLAND. OREGON Pug'et Sound Flouring Mills Co. SEATTLE, WASHINGTON tfflS xooi RM« W ' :?-'"■;:; 'THEP0pttM»» H W1« (H ««.vS* Also ask your dealer about OLYMPIC Hog Food OLYMPIC Calf Meal OLYMPIC Dairy Feed OLYMPIC Horse Feed OLYMPIC Molasses Feed OLYMPIC Alfalfa Molasses Feed BETTER FRUIT Page 30 ever, a marked difference in the appear- ance, texture, and flavor of the fruit. These seems to be better where the drying time is relatively short, and less favorable where the drying time is in- creased. It must constantly be borne in mind, however, that shortening the drying time will not always give a higher drying percentage; for if a dry, parching heat is used from the start to finish, the prunes will have a distinctly tough skin, glossy, black color, but will dry away badly. The drying time seems to be of very little importance except to show the presence or absence of ideal conditions. If all conditions are BETTER FRUIT favorable for good evaporation, the pro- cess will be fairly rapid and the drying time relatively short. If the drying time is abnormally long, the operator should know that either his methods are not the best, or else the building is faulty in construction. There seems to be little change in the appearance of the prunes during the last six or eight hours of drying. As the amount of moisture in the fruit be- comes less, the amount evaporated in a given time also becomes less and the air is not cooled as rapidly as was true when the prunes were giving out lots of moisture. The greatest loss of mois- SeptOnber, 1920 ture seems to occur when the humidity of the air is between ten per cent and fifteen per cent. Finishing the product in a high, dry, parching temperature, seems to produce a less desirable fruit. Economies Possible. The air at the lower or finishing end of the tunnels is practically dry at all times. A slight increase in humidity was observed when the weather was clear and warm, over that noted when cold, rainy weather prevailed. A greater difference prevailed, however, at the upper or starting end, where during clear, warm weather, the humidity of the air was about thirty per cent, but during cold, Dormant Sprag —controls fire blight as well as scale DISCARD knife and saw and paint as a remedy for fire blight. You can control fire blight, collar rot and other orchard troubles, with Scalecide — ' 'the complete dormant spray. Scalecide kills the hold-over cankers that cause twig and fire blight. It.cleanses and disinfects the canker; it causes the old, blackened bark to peel- off and new cam- bium to form. No other spray does this. What Scalecide Does Scalecide kills scale, insect eggs and fun- gous spores that winter over on the bark. It cleans up the trees so thoroughly that their increased vigor is strikingly notice- able the following season. The Fall ap- plication kills the adult Pear Psylla before it lays its -eggs. A Spring spraying, just as the buds show" green, kills aphis. Either of these applications controls blight. Penetrates and Invigorates Scalecide is a. soluble and miscible oil — not only an insecticide for scale, but it has both fungicidal and germicidal prop- erties. And because the oil globules are broken up into such microscopic particles they are able to penetrate the diseased bark and tissues, and thus reach the bacteria that cause fire blight. Scalecide actually penetrates and invigorates the plant tissues. Saves Labor One barrel of Scalecide does the work of three and a half barrels-of lime-sulfur. 800 „_llons,of Scalecide (diluted 1 to 15) goes farther than 1,600 gallons of diluted lime- sulfur, and of course you- can put on 800 gallons of Scalecide in much less time than 1,600 gallons of lime-sulfur. Protects Your Spray Pump Lime-sulfur eats out the valves and other parts of the spray rig witbwhich it comes in contact. It causes, the spray hose to crack and go to pieces. Scalecide, be- cause it is an oil, helps to protect the spray pump from wear and tear and pro- longs its life^ it makes the pump run easier and develop higher pressure. Pleasant To Use Lime-sulfur burns the hands and face, often injures the eyes, takes the hair off the horses and eats the harness — it is ex- tremely disagreeable to use. Scalecide soothes the skin, does not injure the eyes, improves the hair on the horses, softens and cleanses harness — it is pleasant to use. We Own 26,000 Trees For ten years we have been conducting spraying tests in our own large orchards, which now total 26,000 trees. The most important result of this practical work with Scalecide in our own orchards has been to discover and confirm many valu- able properties of Scalecide: its invigor- ating effect upon the trees; its economy; its effectivenesst against fire blight; and its unequalled effectiveness against insects and diseases of all kinds that winter on the tree. We recommend Scalecide to you as fruit growers. Get Scalecide Now See your dealer now. If he doesn't sell Scalecide, write us for booklet, prices and Guarantee; also give us his name. Use coupon below. Don't delay. Last year fruit growers wanted more Scalecide than we could supply. Address Dep't 25. B. G. PRATT CO. 50 Church Street Manufacturing Chemists NEW YORK CITY ^F THE COMPLET j~nw\ V THE COMPLETE DORMANT SPRAY / "Makes a Tree Outgrow Its Troubles' — __ __ __ _^ _ _^ (Coupon) _ — „ _ I). G. Pratt Company, 50 Church Street, New York City 0< ntlemen: Please send me prices, copy of Guarantee and free booklet on Scalecide, "Figuring the Cost of Spraying." I have it m- trees; young Ir (number) My dealer is: Nunc (P.O.) . T. O State. t'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 rainy weather the average was about fifteen per cent to twenty per cent and at times ran as low as five per cent. These facts become important when we consider the importance of returning some of the heated air, passing it over the fruit a second time. By mixing some outside air with that already heated to 135 degrees and passing this mixture over the furnace, the humidity could be controlled and the amount of heat re- quired lessened. When air is taken in the furnace pit at a temperature of forty-five to seventy degrees, which commonly occurs during the period of evaporation, a large amount of heat is required to raise the temperature to 160 degrees. Since the air passes off at the upper end at a temperature of 120 to 140 degrees, a large amount of heat is lost. The re- moval of the moisture from the air by condensation is doubly expensive in that the cost of cooling is added to that of reheating air from a low to high temperature. If, by the use of forced air currents, the greater part of the air could be returned to the furnace pit at a temperature of 120 degrees or better, much of the cost of heating could be reduced. Possibly methods will be evolved, some time, so that much of the heat which is now entirely lost can be used. As soon as the prunes are finished they should be removed from the trays while still warm, the dobies should be re-trayed and re-dried. The prunes are then taken to the bins or piles to cure until sold or ready for processing. BETTER FRUIT Page Meet Me at the Big Hood River Fair Sept. 17th and 18th UNQUESTIONABLY "Standard Equipment" in the Pacific Northwest Two Factories promptly serving the East and West All thru the famous'apple-growing sec- tions of the Pacific Northwest, the relia- ble "Bean" is standard equipment. It can truly be said of this entire region that, "If you haven't a Bean, your neigh- bor has." The "Bean" is the choice of the North- west grower, because he has long since learned the value of— — high pressure — more gallons of liquid per minute — speedier work — more thorough covering — absolute dependability at all times Send the Coupon Get the new Bean catalog, which illustrates and describes the entire Bean line, including the Bean Super-Giant. / BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. Originators of the first High Pressure Sprayers 19 Hosmer St., Lansing, Mich. 118 W. Julian St., San Jose.Cal. / / / . / / / r°' ■J? - SffT ^>> HAND AND POWER SPRAYERS / / / <- v *° ^'ERTISERS ME Page 12 BETTER FRUIT Timely Notes on Oregon Nut Growing By Knights Pearcy, Salem, Oregon THE interest in filbert planting con- tinues to increase in Oregon. Plantings are going in as rapidly as nursery stock can be had, in spite of the extreme prices asked for the trees, which run as high as 65c, 85c and $1.15 each for Barcelona, Du- Chilly and Daviana, respectively. One grower alone planted 3000 trees in the fall of 1919. The writer, in company with Mur- ray Wade, editor of the Oregon Mag- azine, recently made a visit to the grove of the veteran grower, George Dorris, of Springfield. Dorris has the oldest commercial planting of Alberts in the Northwest, having some 1200 trees ranging in age from fifteen years downward. His grove is planted in a wonderful type of river bottom soil, fertile and retentive of moisture. Dorris figures that his crop is about normal in size, which means that the nuts are hanging on the trees very much like hops on the hop vines. He expected his harvest to commence about the 20th of September. The Oregon Agricultural College is doing some very interesting experi- mental work in the Dorris plantings. It has been well known among the growers for several years that cer- tain of our varieties of filberts are self sterile, that they will not set fruit when pollenized with their own pol- len. It has also been demonstrated that while certain varieties appear to cause another variety to set a crop, certain others have no effect in that direction. These observations have been made in the field altogether and heretofore no well controlled and well planned work has been done to find which of the varieties are self fertile and which are self sterile and to de- termine which of the varieties are ef- fective in causing a set of fruit on the various self-sterile varieties. Field observation, for instance, has shown that DuChilly has a beneficial affect upon Barcelona and that Davi- ana is of great value in pollenizing DuChilly, but that Daviana is nearly self sterile and, to date, no variety has been found that will cause it to bear commercially. This variety pro- duces one of the most beautiful nuts of any of the filberts, and it is to be hoped that Prof. Schuster, of the col- lege, will find some variety while con- ducting his many pollenization experi- ments that will pollenize this variety. While field observations are by no means as accurate as controlled pol- lenization work, still they have thei.' value, especially in a field so lacking in scientific investigation. The Dor- ris planting is scattered about a 200- acre farm, in small fields, with heavy timber lying between the fields. One planting in which filberts are used as fillers in a walnut grove, is planted to October, 1920 Barcelona filberts about 11 or 12 years old. In this field are two or three White Avelines. The White Avelines never bear a crop worth harvesting, indicating that Barcelona has little or no pollenizing affect upon that va- riety. The Barcelona trees closest to the Avehne are bearing a fairly good crop, while the farther away from the latter variety one goes among the Bar- celonas the smaller the crop until at some distance there is little more than enough crop to serve to identify the variety. Dorris reports that this has always been the case. This would serve to indicate that Barcelona is partially self-sterile, at least, although many other growers feel that it is more or less self-fertile. These appar- ently contradictory observations re- garding the fertility of Barcelona may be due to the fact that we are ap- plying the name Barcelona to a type of nut rather than to a variety, and careful study of the nuts produced in the various plantings may demonstrate that our growers are including a num- ber of different varieties under the name of Barcelona. The same may be true of others of our so-called va- rieties. There is bound to be con- fusion in the nomenclature of any new species of fruit when first introduced into a district, as is the case of the filbert in the Northwest. Dorris has made some interesting observations regarding the Bud-Mite. He finds that his Barcelona is not af- fected by it, while the Daviana is af- Continued on page 24. GMC Trucks Orchardists= Says W. F. Richardson of Yakima "Up until last week I thought I knew something about the values of motor trucks. Since I saw your GMC 16 operating a Bean spray pump outfit with capacity load I have entirely changed my ideas of tiuck efficiency on the farm. If any one had told me that I could use a truck in my orchards under all conditions, and that the truck engine would not only operate the truck, but also the pump, I would have been skeptical. Having put on 9 tanks of spray in an afternoon while my best teams were putting on